Violence in Sport Playing the Game Clean

Abstract Because of the fact that some games demand the use of physical force, they are often considered as brutal by sports amateurs. Yet it must be admitted that in certain kinds of sport, the use of force is demanded by the rules, which does not make it more brutal or cruel. Since every kind of sports involves certain physical activity, it releases the energy within and allows to get rid of stress.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some people still consider that sport makes people violent, mainly because of the sport episodes with the participants losing their temper shown on TV. It will take much time to assure people that going in for sports does not involve getting too rough and becoming senseless. Still there is some hope that people will change their mind about sports if they listen to the ideas of the modern psychologists. With some professional opinions involved, it would be easier to convince people that sport is not as black as it is painted. Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean On-the-Field Violence and Professional Football: The Points of Contact In spite of the fact that numerous kinds of sport involve certain degree of field violence, the reasons for such behavior are far from being skin-deep. Some of them root in the sphere of people’s subconscious, and it takes much time to drag the true reasons for the â€Å"antisocial† behavior into the light. As numerous sociologists admit, some games do involve certain degree of violence in the field; there is no reason to worry, though, as long as the participants understand that this is merely a game and that as it stops, the opponents will turn into friends. Yet sometimes violence in the field crosses the boundaries of what has been allowed. One of the greatest questions of the modern sport psychology is why this happens so. Bell (1 987) says that this is an integral part of the game which bears certain resemblance to a tradition: To the innocent eye there seems to be very little violence on the field, contrasted to U. S. football or boxing or even bullfighting. At least there appears to be no more violence than at any polistic game, and less violence than at many. (34)Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the actions of the sportsmen can be hardly treated as violent, and the football players have nothing to be reproached for. This is their masculinity which makes them act in a rude and brutal way. This is the instinct of a fighter awoken which makes the players act in such a way. It is doubtless that masculinity is to blame for the disorders in the field. Still it must be kept in mind that even the toughest game must be fair and just. Does Playing Sport Causes Men’s Violence? Due to its relaxing a nd healthy effect, sport can hardly make one act violently. Because of the fact that sport makes the energy within aim at certain object, a ball in most games of sport, one will not be able to give way to the emotions in an anti-social way. Sportsmen understand perfectly well that everything happening on the field is a part of the game which is not meant to harm the others. It must be admitted, however, that games of sport sometimes turn too brutal when the sportsmen lose the feeling of the game and take the environment as the battlefield. In this case, injuries and ever traumas are possible. However, the reason for that is rather a case of one’s psychological problems rather than the game itself. As Yinnakis (2001) says, â€Å"If sport is interpreted as war, then the body is transformed into a weapon, into an instrument of violence and aggression.† (228). A single outburst of violence is not a tendency, which should also be kept in mind. A Dilemma to Solve Since sport does involve an element of competitiveness, it would not be a surprise for me to find out that the schools’ football teams are rivals and that they use every opportunity to win the game. Thus, I do not consider it a wise pedagogic idea to scold the boys down. However, letting things drift would be a mistake either. Because of the fact that violence has been spotted, the situation does need serious consideration. It seems to me that the most reasonable in the given situation would be not to resort to sermonizing, but to hold a class with the students, asking them what they consider the top priority in sport games, namely in football, what they would do to win a game, and what kind of game behavior they consider fair.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Making them think about the moral issues of the game, such questions will drive them to the idea that a defeat in a fair competition costs much more than the victory gained with help of violent behavior. The students must learn that the opponent should be respected, as well as be worth respecting. It could also be a good idea to demonstrate such ideas in practice, when the team is training for the on-coming competition. In addition, the rules must be restricted so that both the players and the audience could not act in a brutal way. Reference List Bell, B. J. (1987) To Play the Game: An Analysis of Sports. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Yiannakis, A. Melnik, M. J. (2001) Contemporary Issues in the Sociology of  Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. This essay on Violence in Sport: Playing the Game Clean was written and submitted by user Cloud 9 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dress Codes in Schools †Dressing for Success

Dress Codes in Schools – Dressing for Success Free Online Research Papers Smiling and happy faces come through the doors of the school. All of them are teenagers with similar needs and similar purposes. They come to learn to be successful men and women in the future, yet when they are looked upon; their differences show they are not united. When entering the school, you will notice that students are separated in areas like the classroom, the hallways, and the cafeteria. Students are not separated by their race or color of skin, but by their manners of dressing. At many schools, it becomes easy to divide students into groups; there are groups of students who wear clothes that are as pretty as they are expensive. â€Å"Pretty† appears to many as name brand clothes that expose more flesh than necessary. Likewise, there are students famously known as â€Å"skaters,† with chains around their hands, pockets, and waists. Additionally, they often wear pants that are baggy enough to fit two people and threaten to fall down their hips. There are also those who manage to be between those two extreme categories and dress casually. For those reasons, with the implementation of a dress code, students will have to follow strict guidelines in dressing appropriately. For Instance, schools can elimina te the wearing of chains and mandate wearing fitted belts. Therefore, the implementation of a dress code for elementary and secondary public schools offers several benefits that have a positive effect on the school community. The anxiety over safety in public schools has led school administrators in the direction of implementing strict dress codes and uniform policies. Despite long-standing attention to the problem, there is a growing perception that not all public schools are safe places of learning, and media reports highlight specific school-based violent acts. Crime in and around schools threatens the well being of students, school staff, and communities. Many may argue that dress codes threaten students’ individual rights of free expression; nevertheless, it is the responsibility of school officials to create a safe learning environment for children (Paliokas, 7). Children wearing expensive or fashionable clothes such as Nike, G-Unit, Guess, and Baby Phat Jeans become victims of theft. Dress codes offer many benefits that forbid competition and violence among students. Competition among students regarding clothing turns violent and certain fashion accessories or attire is used as weapons or as a means to conceal weapons. For example, oversized shirts and baggy pants can be easily used to hide guns, knives, and drugs that can be carried into schools. In order to reduce violence, many schools have implemented a dress code with the hope to prohibit students from wearing a wide range of specific items including gang related attire and insigma, such as bandannas, certain colors, and hats. Additionally, implementing a strict dress code assists school officials to identify nonstudents, trespassers, and other visitors. Mandating a dress code has huge effects on the educational environment. California’s Long Beach School District has seen noticeable improvement with descending crime rates since the implementation of a mandatory student dress policy. Statistics show that crime has decreased by ninety-one percent, suspensions have decreased by ninety percent, sex offenses have been reduced by ninety-six percent, and vandalism is down sixty-nine percent (Daniels, 22). Academic success is another reason to employ a dress code in elementary and secondary public schools. Wearing a uniform to school takes the center of attention away from what students wear and places it more on what the student is learning. Students who are focused on the school environment as opposed to what their peers are thinking of their clothes will have better test scores. However, when a student is worried about whether or not they are going to get assaulted to and from school or at school because of gear their grades begin to soar downhill. Some students will then lose interest on academics and focus more so toward the undue stress of other student’s cruel behaviors toward them. Implementing a school uniform will be a success because all students will look similar and students will concentrate on their academic performance in school. According to Daniels, â€Å"Students dress policy also reduces the cost of clothing for students† (Daniels, 27). Many families do not have the money to buy expensive clothing for their children to wear to school. Thus, parents benefit because they are saving money on no longer having to buy the latest fashions. Most school uniforms are cost effective and easily accessible for parents to obtain. Furthermore, a parent shopping for children becomes an effortless task because they are following strict guidelines when purchasing clothing for school. For example, at Lansing School District’s, Pattengill Middle School, children can only wear certain colored pants and shirts. The acceptable colors for pants are blue, black, brown, and beige. The hues for shirts are navy blue, light blue, red, black, and white. Many school districts have turned to dress codes and uniform policies to promote a better learning environment. Statistics prove that school related criminal incidents have decreased significantly and academic performance has been enhanced. The learning process is uninterrupted with the fashionable clothing and accessories because all students are dressed alike. Also, many families cannot afford expensive clothing and as a result of an implemented dress code, parents do not have to feel pressured into buying high end clothing. For that reason, a dress code serves several purposes that promote a more positive outcome than negative for the learning environment. Research Papers on Dress Codes in Schools - Dressing for SuccessStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Conceptual Theoretical Frameworks Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conceptual Theoretical Frameworks - Dissertation Example These factors can be broadly classified as curricular, institutional, political as well as economic, and social ones. Besides these listed factors, some of the factors that led to the increase in the number of nontraditional students are the existence of evening and weekend programs and even the existence of various courses that were taught in central locations and shopping malls. The political forces that emerged from the victory during the era of the World War II further facilitated the enrollment growth. The term nontraditional students refer to any learner in an institution of higher learning that hails from any part of the country that is from either urban or rural areas and the learner can be of any race and can be of any social state. According to Stewart and Rue (1983), nontraditional student can be defined as any learner who happens to be 25 years old or even more. However, this definition has been disputed by other authors and the reason for the dispute is the fact that the use of age is not satisfactory for the determination of the term nontraditional. Traditional students, on the other hand, can be referred to as learners that fall within an age bracket of 18 and 24 years and are attending college full time as well as residing in colleges. The difference between nontraditional and traditional students can, therefore, lie in the age, college attendance, and their residence. Structure of the Conceptual Model The conceptual model proposed by Bean and Metzner (1985) indicates that decisions involving dropouts basically rely on four variables, and these variables are background and defining variables, academic variables, environmental variables, and an intention to persist variable. Background and defining variables primarily concern various educational goals and the performance from high schools. Academic variables concern the performance, and the students with a low performance are expected to drop out of school at a higher rate compared to the student s with a higher performance. The third variable is environmental, and these variables are concerned with direct effects on the various decisions of dropping out of school (Tinto, 1975). Finally, the fourth variable is the intent to persist variable; and this variable is primarily affected by various psychological outcomes as well as various academic variables. The various variables are related through direct and indirect effects though the indirect effects can be easily calculated and testing of the resultant statistical significance brought about by these effects can be carried out. In the model, the various paths can be estimated using common convention that is capable of calculating both indirect and direct effects for each variable, which is independent, and the result is the greatest effect that is the sum of indirect and direct effects. A larger proportion of undergraduate student population is composed of commuter students, and the trends in the enrollment of these commuter s tudents are expected to increase because of the decrease in the number of the traditional age. The rate of attrition of nontraditional students is high, and commuter students generally take up the gaps left by these students. Community Retention Model According to Stahl and Pavel (1992), the community retention model had a lot of emphasis on two-year college nontraditional students, and the aspects of social integration were eliminated, and this elimination was due to the construct for two-year college nontraditional student decision persistence. The model has four variables, a

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Business - Essay Example The company currently operates with more than 450 stores. Morison was incorporated in 1899 in Brandford, UK. The company currently has a market cap of GBP 8.02 billion with a share price of GBP 303.3. Safeway is one of the biggest food as well as drug retailers in North America. Within US and Canada the company operated within 1692 stores as of Mar-2011.The Company currently has a market cap of $8.93 billion with current share price of $24.25. Compared to Morrison, Safeway was incorporated in 1990 in California. Analysis The financial statements of both the companies before and after the takeover are as follows: Morrison Balance sheet as of 2010 and 2004: 2010 (million GBP) 2004 (million GBP) Assets Non-current assets 7,666 1,739 Current Assets 1,094 492 Liabilities Current Liabilities (2,152) (814) Non-current Liabilities (1,659) (100) Net Assets 4,959 1,357 Dividends 363 174 Profit Retained 2,008 1,143 Merger Reserve 2,578 Capital Employed 4,949 1,317 Morrison Income statement as o f 2010 and 2004: 2010 (million GBP) 2004 (million GBP) Turnover 15,410 4,959 Cost of sales (14,348) (3,696) Gross Profit 1,062 1,263 Operating profit 907 306 As can be seen above the difference in assets, liabilities, turnover and profits of the company in 6 years after the company acquired Safeway. The turnover has gone up by 210.75% and operating profit has gone up by 195.44%. The nets assets of the company following the takeover have gone up by 265.4%. All these are good signs for the company and represents that the company had followed the positive outlook following the merger. This means that the company has maintained the aggressive growth rate even after the takeover of Safeway in 2004. Next analysis of company would be stock price analysis of past 7 years following the takeover of Safeway. This is discussed as follows: The stock price analysis shows the positive outlook for the company. It shows how the stock has continued to provide return to its investors even after the ta keover of Safeway. The analysis of stock chart for 2004 shows the positive investor sentiment following the takeover. This is also due to high presence of company in retail industry in UK. The food and retail sector represents the biggest industry in the United Kingdom, providing employment to more than four million people in production, manufacturing, retailing and distribution. Retail sector accounted for 9% of the GDP of the country in 2003 (Datamonitor, 2003). In last few years, UK’s supermarkets have been under increasing scrutiny in regard to their treatment with suppliers, in own-label products, still the development of supply networks in the country had been an integral part of supermarket strategies in the past decade. The US$ 9 trillion Retail industry is one of the world’s largest industries and still growing. 47 of the Global Fortune 500 companies & 25 of Asia’s Top 200 companies are retailers. Even as the developing countries are making rapid stride s in this industry, organized Retail is currently dominated by the developed countries with the USA, EU & Japan constituting 80% of world. (Global retail Business) Retail is a significant contributor to the overall economic activity the world over: the total Retail share in the World GDP is 27% while in the USA it accounts for 22% of the GDP. The share of organized Retail in the developing markets ranges between 20% - 55%. Over recent months these three risks have abated or disappeared: †¢

Neural basis of game theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neural basis of game theory - Essay Example Various neurobiologists’ research employs the use of game theory to investigate the neural foundation of decision making; and proposes that the social characteristics of social decision making mirrors the purposes of the brain areas that responds to reward evaluation and reinforcement learning. The game theory appears as having evolutionary and growth stages that end up affecting the reasoning of different groups of people (Glimcher, 288). Game theory situation involves the process of decision making, where the results depend on the choice made by the players in question. The word game comes from any occurrence with negative or positive outcomes influenced by the choice made by the player; while sometimes the decision is based on chance (Glimcher, 290). The game theory evolved from different studies done by different researchers over a period of time. In 1921, a French mathematician named Emile Borel, issued numerous papers tackling the theory of games using poker as exhibition. Later in the year 1928 another paper by John Von Neumann was published. Subsequently, the year 1944, John Von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern collaborated and discovered the theory of games and economic behavior. There appears a significant level of growth in the theory of games when, Prisoner’s dilemma comes into play in the year 1950, which introduced the dominant strategy theory. The 1953 marks the introduction of the answer to non cooperative games which comes in play as a result of evolution of Nash equilibrium. In the years 1970, the theory gains extensive application and biology with the growth of evolutionary game theory. The year 2007 marks its extensive use in almost field for decision making intentions; the software that tracks down terroris ts uses the theory of games (Glimcher, 305). The theory assumes that the player appears rational;

Impact Of Climate Change And Possible Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Climate Change And Possible Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay Moscow in Russia has just witnessed its hottest day in its history this January. Climate change is evident given a series of recent environmental disruptor events all over the world. Researchers across the world have begun to raise their concerns over much occurring climatic changes. Several instances of climate change have been recorded worldwide and have been mentioned in our study. We look at different causes of climate change and present a detailed study of climate change, issues connected with it, impact of climate change and possible solutions. Climate change effects energy, water, environment and ecosystem on the whole. Solutions to climate change include collective effort and individual effort in using renewable forms of energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy instead of non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels. INTRODUCTION Life is a definite flow of events. Mistimed events are not welcome in human lives. Mistimed events occurring in a very high frequency are immensely dangerous. Climate is the regular behavior of temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure and other related environmental factors. Climate change is a stark reality. A study in [1] states that ice loss in arctic region between 1979 and 2003 is larger than the area of the states Texas, California and Maryland combined. For long, climate change was a prediction but a series of natural disasters like Tsunami, floods and wildfires point directly to climate change. Let us examine some damage caused by climate change. Climate change has been associated with historical collapses of heritage sites like Harappa, Ancient Egypt and Maya civilization. Sourcewatch reports that Bombay, an Indian city, received 37 inches rain due to global warming [8]. Global warming was attributed as the reason for the hurricane Katrina in 2005. Recent inconclusive reports have surfaced that global warming might be the culprit behind Leh cloudburst this August [9]. It is a well-known fact that the lack of mangrove forests in the coastline in south-Asia has increased the effect of Tsunami in December 2004. Sourcewatch also reports deaths caused by heat wave in Arizona in 2005, two-foot snowfall in Los Angeles in November 2004, 124 mph winds in Scandinavia leading to electricity loss and disruption, drought in Midwest in August 2005 and attributes global warming as the reason for these incidents. Significant awareness drive has begun following such events with political commentators and activists at the helm. A report by In tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change headed by RK Pachauri predicted a 7-23 inch increase in sea levels in 2010 due to climate change [10]. Another report at University of Washington by Climate Impacts Group reports 1.5Â ° F increase in temperature in Pacific Northwest in 20th century. CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Nature has, in its own way, contributed to the cause of climate change by regular adaptations. A natural disaster like volcano releases toxic gases such as sulphur-dioxide apart from water vapor, dust and ash. The released sulphur-dioxide gets accumulated in the topmost layer of atmosphere. The released substances also obstruct sunlight from entering earths surface leading to earth cooling. The formed water combines with the toxic gas to result in sulphuric acid that hangs around the topmost layer of atmosphere. These have the capability to block sunlight and disrupt regular processes leading to eco-imbalance. Part of the climate change is attributed to continental drift as it changes the physical features of the land area, their location and location of water, eventually tidal currents. If nature changes the climate unintentionally, humans have multiplied the climate change effect by several notches. Industrial revolution, over-usage of resources, inefficient resource handling can be attributed to human -influential causes of climate change. This also includes greenhouse emission gases and burning of fossil fuels like oil, coal, natural gas. Excessive emission from industries has polluted the atmosphere to great levels. It is not surprising to note that developed countries contribute the maximum to atmospheric pollution through carbon emissions. Ten of the top countries in the world contribute 67% of carbon emissions [3]. However, it is the poor of the world who bear the maximum brunt due to this. A report by mongabay reveals that more than one million square kilometers of forest land was lost between 2000 and 2005 [2]. It is a well-known fact that trees absorb carbon-dioxide emitted by vehicles and industries. Hence, we should introspect the findings of the report to estimate the amount of unabsorbed carbon-dioxide and other toxic gases. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Let us consider the case of highly developed and industrialized country, the United States to estimate the impact of climate change in near future. Water Availability Water cycle is affected to the extent of influencing the availability of water as a resource. As a result, floods and droughts become more frequent. Varying climate is bound to change surface water quality and groundwater quality. All this can be contributed to increasing water temperatures, decrease in ice per area, fluctuations in precipitation occurrence, transformations in soil moisture and high concentration of water vapor in atmosphere. Energy Energy availability and energy production is inextricable from available water resources. Increasing water temperatures and inadequate water resources restrict energy production. As the population shifts to southwest, increased use of air conditioning systems drain energy resources contributing to climate change. 87% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States origin from energy production. Transportation Increased irregular floods will impact the transportation sector given the disruption caused to infrastructure. Evacuation and rehabilitation of people, infrastructure damage are the evident results of disruption by floods. Agriculture Agriculture in the United States contributes 8.6% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Gases like carbon-dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide directly affect agriculture. Recent wildfires in Russia resulted in crop loss given a high increase in atmospheric temperature. Many have pointed this to observable global warming [4]. Another report reveals that South Africa is bound to lose 30% of its maize crop by 2030 [5]. Environment It cannot be ignored that many living species depend on climate for their survival. We are witnessing reports predicting extinction of polar bears if current ice melting continues in the Arctic region and extinction of variety of other species due to changing temperatures and climate as a whole. Heavy investment in drylands reveals the importance to turn these lands into fertile lands [6]. The effect of Tsunami that occurred in south-Asia in 2005 increased multifold due to deforestation of mangrove forests along the coastline. Mangrove trees have the capability to absorb tsunami waves but were uprooted to promote aquaculture. Health Figure 1- Projected heat-related deaths in Chicago [7] Increasing temperatures already cause many heat-related deaths in India. Each summer in India many die due to high temperatures and each year are getting hotter with time. Irregular temperature changes lead to health imbalance, across any age group. Infections caused due to air pollutants are bound to leave their mark on humans. SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE Every individual living on this planet is responsible for global warming in one way or another and must amend ways to stop this phenomenon in his/her own way. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a common framework in which Kyoto protocol is proposed to fight global warming. 187 countries signed the protocol till November 2009. Kyoto protocol was introduced in 1997 but was enforced from February 2005. The main objective of the protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% by 2012 from 1990 levels. Another solution for climate aims to reduce carbon emissions by 40% by 2020. Solutions include Energy efficiency Efficient usage of energy includes proficient car usage, energy reduction power sources, innovated industrial strategies and developing technological solutions. Low noise refrigerators, energy efficient washing machines save significant amount of energy. Hand drying of clothes after machine washing saves considerable energy. Reducing temperatures of air conditioning system also saves huge amounts of energy over the year. Solar energy Renewable forms of energy sources must be worked up on instead of using non-renewable energy sources such as oil, gas, nuclear energy and coal. Coal is no longer being generated to be used extensively. The fate of oil is similar to that of coal. According to the latest status report of renewable energy, out of total energy consumed only 19% is renewable, a meager 2.8% is nuclear energy and the rest if fossil fuels [11]. Of the renewable energy sources, biomass forms 13%, hydropower forms 3.2%, solar energy forms about 1.4% and the rest sources are wind energy, geothermal and hydropower. Electricity can be generated from sunlight which can be substituted for non-renewable forms of energy. Photovoltaic cells can be used to convert light to electricity and can be used to charge devices such as calculators or power entire house. Solar thermal power plants are another source of energy where electricity is generated by highly pressurized steam from sunlight using power turbines. Wind energy Using wind energy reduces carbon emissions drastically, given our major objective is to reduce carbon emissions, and maintains eco-balance. Construction of infrastructure required for generating wind energy is not tedious as generally believed. Greenpeace states the prediction of wind energy usage at 12% of worlds energy by 2020 [12]. Individual contribution Reducing water usage in daily activities saves good amount of energy. Using public transportation such as trains and buses preserves energy. [11] suggest rural renewable energy strategies like using hydropower or biogas for lighting and energy purposes instead of candles or kerosene. Similarly, hydropower or biogas can be used for communications instead of batteries. Solar cookers can be developed and used instead of burning wood for cooking to achieve over 25% efficiency. Solar PV pumps or mechanical wind pumps can be used to pump water instead of diesel pumps and generators. Another recommendable solution is saving energy on computers by turning on the save screen mode which reduces power consumption and emissions. It might sound trivial but small amounts of saved energy add up to huge amounts at the end of the year. CONCLUSION A greater resolve is needed on behalf of all world countries to stand by the promises made to reduce carbon emissions to achieve our objectives by the target, 2020. Countries must work towards the common goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and must also abide by frameworks such as Kyoto protocol aimed at reducing global warming. Also, reducing global warming and addressing climate change is the responsibility of not only governments but also its citizens, of each and every individuals. We should collectively work to save energy by reducing unnecessary water usage, saving electricity, using public transport, recycling plastic, bottles, paper and waste.

Beliefs About the World Trade Organization

Before reading articles about the World Trade Organization written by activist organizations and the WTO itself, I was aware that the conflicts and the debates surrounding the esteemed organization concern the power differences between the haves and the have-nots in the global economy. I also believed that the WTO is an indispensable entity produced by globalization itself. In my opinion, the WTO balances power between the haves and the have-nots as far as it is possible to do so.And, while the economies of abundance and high economic growth cannot be expected to slow down because of the low growth economies, the WTO at least gives the latter a voice. The articles on the WTO written by activist organizations have changed my beliefs about the organization very little. Indeed, it comes as a surprise to me that the WTO is blamed for putting the rights of big businesses â€Å"to profit over human and labor rights.† Jerry Mander, the president of the International Forum on Globaliz ation, refers to the WTO’s â€Å"mad drive toward corporate led economic globalization. † Yet, I had believed that WTO naturally favors the big economies of the world rather than corporations because the big economies happen to be instrumental in the entire global economy. In fact, without the big economies, the developing world would not even dream of globalization and foreign investment that would eventually make it possible for poor countries to economically grow.Besides, human and labor rights, in my opinion, cannot possibly be discounted by the WTO, seeing that businesses cannot even function without human and labor rights, and at the heart of WTO’s mission lies its interest in the promotion of business around the globe. Articles authorized by the WTO strengthen my belief that the organization works with â€Å"member countries† instead of focusing on corporations. In actual fact, the WTO takes decisions based on a consensus among its member countries .Moreover, it is wonderful to note that the WTO’s system is a promoter of world peace. After all, the organization allows for discussions, even among those member countries that differ in their opinions about the global political economy. I do not believe that I require further information to change my beliefs about the WTO. The organization remains ‘esteemed’ in my humble opinion, promoting the interests of all of its member countries while naturally favoring the big economies that happen to be most helpful for the small economies as well.

Twilight Book Report

Twilight is a series of four vampire-themed fantasy romance novels written by American author Stephenie Meyerv and the first novel is called Twilight with the same article as the series. It is about a love story of a girl and a vampire. Bella Swan moves to the cloudy town of Forks to live with her father, Charlie. For the first day of school, she finds herself on friendly terms with a few of the kids. She has lunch together with her new friends and meets Edward Cullen for the first time.She is transfixed by the beautiful Edward Cullen and gets to know more about him after she is saved with Edward’s supernatural speed and strength from an accident. They sonly fall in love with each other. With the protection of the Cullen family, she escapes from James, who tries to kill her. Unfortunately, she is seriously wounded, but Edward rescues her. Twilight is an original story which interested me a lot because it tells about a love story between two ‘people’ from a human w orld and a vampire world whose relationship is a typical and special one.The story line goes in a clear way and it lures me a lot to know about how the next step goes to. My favourite part of the book is the chapter ‘hide and seek’ which its article has already got my attention from my first sight. The chapter talks about how James tries to trick Bella to the dance studio that he has got her mother and attacks her. The description makes an atmosphere with suspense and mystery to excite readers and lead them to guess the plot. I would like to meet Edward the most. As a vampire, I believe he has a tough life to live in a human’s world and follow others’ living habit.I am so impressed with the power and the special gifts he received that he can read others’ mind. I would like to ask him questions about vampire’s history and what kinds of innate technique do other vampires get cause I am very interested it them. Lastly, I would ask if he ever thi nk that being a human is better than transforming into vampire. For common people, we feel cool to be a vampire but we can never know how it really feels for a true vampire to go through the experience. That’s what I am curious about the most about Edward.

Is there a correlation between happiness and sociability Essay Example

Is there a correlation between happiness and sociability Essay Example Is there a correlation between happiness and sociability Essay Is there a correlation between happiness and sociability Essay The aim of this investigation was to discover whether there is a correlation between happiness and sociability. The experimental hypothesis was that there would be a significant correlation between happiness and sociability, because most of the background research indicated that this would be the case. A total of 20 participants were used from college that were selected using a casual sample. The results were in terms of numerical scores and were analysed using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient, and were found not to be significant at the 0.05 level of significance for a one tailed test. The results for the mean (11.3 (happiness), 7.7 (sociability)), median (12 (happiness), 7.5 (sociability)) and mode (14 (happiness), 5 (sociability)) reflected this with there being fairly significant differences between the results for happiness, and those for sociability. The range (14 (happiness), 12 (sociability)) showed that the data for both sets of scores was skewed. The conclusi on was that the results were inconclusive, as most evidence pointed to there being a positive correlation between happiness and sociability.Introduction:To be able to gain a better understanding of what this questionnaire is about the terms happiness and sociability need to try and be defined, so it can be seen what is actually being measured.Definitions of Sociability:The tendency to have and make personal relationships'(*1)Ability to engage in an appropriate range of social relationships.'(*2)Definition of Happiness:Having, taking, or demonstrating pleasure or satisfaction'(*3)glad, content, happy'(*4)There is lots of evidence that points towards happiness and sociability being related. These quotes show this relationship:Social science surveys have universally concluded that people claim to be most happy with friends and family, or just in the company of others(*5).This shows how people who socialise are likely to get a feeling of happiness; therefore, in theory the more sociable a person, the happier they should be.Relationships make us extremely happy when they go well, and very depressed when they dont work out(*5).This shows how the breakdown of social relationships can be the cause of unhappiness, but these relationships can also cause a person to be happy when they are going well.Happiness, along with health and mental health, is increased by presence of certain social relationships and depressed by those losing these(*6).This demonstrates how social relationships can not only affect a persons happiness, but also their health.Horowitz et al., 1982, and Weeks et al., 1980(*6) concluded that lonely people become depressed, and Horowitz et al. also concluded that lonely people also feel excluded, alienated and angry. This demonstrates how those who dont socialise very much may become unhappy.Reich and Zautra, 1981 (*6) have shown that increases in social contact lead to increases in happiness, therefore suggesting that the results to our questionnaire ar e likely to show that the more sociable a person is the more likely they are to be happy, and visa versa.Wessman and Ricks, 1966 (*6) conducted an experiment between happy students and unhappy students. Their findings showed that the students who had the better relationships with other students were the happier ones, whilst those students who were unhappy their social relations were often sources of anxiety, anger and guilt that led to cautious withdrawal and empty isolation. This study demonstrates well how the happiness of a person can affect their sociability, although it is not clear how Wessman and Ricks measured the students happiness.For this investigation we have comprised a questionnaire with questions taken from Eysncks (*7) Personality questionnaire, which has been accepted in terms of reliability and validity.Campbell, Converse and Rodgers, 1976 (*5) compiled the following table taken from an American national sample survey of 2164 people in 1971 showing what peoplethoug ht were the main sources of satisfaction in everyday life:Source of satisfactionMean importance ratingFamily lifeMarriageFinancial situationHousingJobFriendshipHealthLeisure activities1.461.442.942.102.192.081.372.79From this table we can see that two of the things that people regard as being among the most important sources of satisfaction are friendship and leisure activities which are both associated to sociability, showing that being sociable can cause happiness. We can also see that a persons financial situation gives them the most satisfaction in everyday life. If a person is financially secure then they can afford to participant in leisure activities, and meet new people.Aims: The aim of this investigation is to see if there is a positive correlation between how happy a person is and how sociable they are.Experimental hypothesis: There will be a significant positive correlation between happiness and sociability, as measured by questionnaire.This hypothesis has been decided up on because past research, such as that done by Horowitz et al. (1982), Reich and Zautra (1981), and Wessman and Ricks (1966) indicates that this hypothesis should be true.Null hypothesis: There will be no significant correlation between happiness and sociability, as measured by questionnaire.*1 The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology*2 A Students Dictionary of Psychology Second Edition*3 Readers Digest Universal Dictionary*4 Collins mini Gem English Dictioary*5 Flow the Psychology of Happiness*6 The Psychology of Happiness*7 Know your own PersonalityMethod:A correlation was used so that it could be discovered if there is a relationship between happiness and sociability.The two variables being investigated were happiness and sociability.Participants were given a pre-prepared questionnaire (see Appendix item 1) that contained a mixture of both questions related to sociability and questions related to happiness selected from Eysencks personality questionnaire. There were 18 questions re lated to each of the variables, plus 14 unrelated questions randomly mixed together to try to stop the participant from guessing the nature of the questionnaire.To analyse the data the Spearmans RHO test was used, at the 0.05 significance level (see Appendix item 6).In total we used 20 participants, 10 female and 10 male. Participants were taken from the local 6th form college, BHASVIC, and were selected using a casual sample. Participants were approached and asked if they wouldnt mind filling in a questionnaire for a Psychology project.. Once they had agreed each participant was given an A4 questionnaire (see Appendix item 1) with 50 YES, MAYBE, or NO answers to be circled with instructions at the top and debriefing at the bottom. They were also given a pen. Once all the results had been collected back the results were scored using Eysencks scoring system (see Appendix item 2) and they were then analysed using the Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (see Appendix item 6).R esults: (For table of results see Appendix Item 3)(For workings of results see Appendix Item 4)Mean for Happiness = 11.3Mean for Sociability = 7.7Median for Happiness = 12Median for Sociability = 7.5Mode for Happiness = 14Mode for Sociability = 5Range for Happiness = 14Range for Sociability = 12Statistical Analysis:The Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefficient calculated value of -0.0004 at the 0.05 significance level is less than the critical value of 0.377, therefore the results are not significant and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. This means our correlation did not show a relationship between how happy a person is and how sociable they are. This is reflected in the results of the mean, median and mode, with there being fairly significant gaps between the results of happiness and sociability. This means that the middle points for the sociability scores, and the happiness scores were far apart in each of the descriptive statistics done for averages.Both the ranges for happiness and for sociability were very far apart, with the range for happiness being 14, and the range for sociability being 12. The range shows that the spread of each of the results for sociability and happiness were far apart, with their being 14 points between the highest score for sociability and the lowest score, and there being 12 points between the highest score for happiness and the lowest score.As can be seen from the scattergraph there is not a clear relationship between the scores for happiness and those for sociability. It can be seen that some results do support our hypothesis of a positive correlation between happiness and sociability, but most of the results do not. Trying to draw a line of best fit through this graph would be nearly impossible.Discussion:The evidence that is shown in the introduction all supports our experimental hypothesis. This includes the research conducted by Horowitz et al. (1982) and Weeks et al. (1980) that lonely people become depressed, b y Reich and Zautra (1981) that increases in social contact lead to increases in happiness, and also the research done by Wessman and Ricks (1966) that students who had the better relationships with other students were the happier . Our results do not support our experimental hypothesis, or the evidence shown in the introduction, therefore it is hard to draw a conclusion. The null hypothesis could not be rejected because the result for the Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefficient showed that our results were not significant. The mean, median and mode reflected this, as there were large gaps between the mean, median and mode for happiness and sociability. The range shows that there were big gaps between the scores in the happiness section, and in the sociability section. This clearly shows that there was skewed data.As can be seen from the scattergraph there is no clear relationship between happiness and sociability, although some of the results do show this, but there may be fact ors that affected our results.This data all shows that just because a person is sociable, it doesnt mean that they are happy as well.Summary:Our results did not support our experimental hypothesis, therefore the null hypothesis has not been rejected, meaning that there might well not be a correlation between happiness and sociability.To get a better idea as to whether our experimental hypothesis is correct a far more representative sample would have to be used.Limitations of the design and Modifications:One reason as to why our results may not have been significant may be due to the questionnaire. However much care is taken over the wording of the questions, even if they are seen to be reliable and valid (as Eysencks questions are), different respondents may interpret the questions differently, meaning we may not have got answers to the questions we intended to get. The questions we used were only a sample from Eysencks questions, and therefore this may have affected the results. Wh en using a questionnaire there is little opportunity for the researcher to quantify what the question actually means. It may also be the case the respondents may interpret the terms in the questions differently. For example people may have different ideas as to what happy or sociable actually means (as the definitions in the introduction were merely a guide).Respondents to the questionnaire may not have given full and accurate answers. They may answer the questions in a way that makes themselves look good, or in a way in which they think the researcher wishes them to answer.The layout of the questions and the answers on the questionnaire did not line up due to limited space, therefore the respondents may have possibly got confused as to which question went with which answer. This may have affected our results.It is hard to measure the degree of happiness from person to person from a simple questionnaire, such as the one we conducted. More detailed questions would have to be asked in which the respondent could give their own answers. Problems would also arise from this as it is hard to define happiness.This study was conducted using only a small amount of participants, therefore not being very valid. This could be a reason as to why the results for our study did not support our experimental hypothesis, despite all of the evidence in the introduction supporting the experimental hypothesis. The age of the participants in our sample may have differed from those that were used in the background research that I conducted and this may have affected the results.The environment in which the participant filled in the questionnaire may have affected the results. If the room was too warm, too cold, too noisy, or to crowded it may have meant that the participant rushed their answers, or misread the questions. If the participant didnt have much time they may have rushed because they needed to get somewhere else.Further Study:In this study an equal amount of males and female s were used, but a comparison of the two was not conducted. This could be done to see if there is a difference in the happiness and sociability of males and females.The sample size could be increased to see if the result found in this study would be the same, this could also then include many different ages to see if age affected the results. Samples could be taken from different areas from the country, and also from other countries to test if this would affect the results.Instead of using questionnaires, interviews could be conducted to collect the data, this way the questions could be clarified.People in solitude could be studied to see if they consider themselves to be happy.Different sources of happiness could be explored, for example the financial situation a person is in or their health.Implications:Implications of this study, from the results that we obtained from our questionnaire, could be that those who are in solitude, such as people in prison should not suffer from unhap piness. These results could well mean that happiness is just a state of mind, and not affect by your sociability, as some people enjoy being on their own. This is reflected in the quote happiness, happiness, the greatest gift that I possess taken from a well-known song.Our study did not show a correlation between happiness and sociability, but if we were to assume that the evidence shown in the introduction was correct, then those who suffer from unhappiness could be placed into more social situations to try and improve their happiness.References:Michael Argyle The Psychology of Happiness (1987) Methuen and Co. LtdCollins mini Gem English Dictionary (1986)H.J Eysenck Know Your own Personality (1975) Maurice Temple SmithRichard Gross et. al Psychology-A New Introduction-Study Guide (1999) Hodderand StoughtonArthur S. Reber The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (1985) Penguin GroupVivian Shackleton and Clive Fletcher Individual differences Theories andApplications (1984) Methuen and Co. LtdPeter Stratton and Nicky Hayes A Students Dictionary of Psychology-secondedition (1993) Edward ArnoldReaders Digest Universal Dictionary (1987)Appendix:Item 1: Sample QuestionnaireItem 2: Score sheet for questionnaireItem 3: Explanation of score sheetItem 4: Table of resultsItem 5: Workings for mean, median and modeItem 6: Workings for Spearmans Rank OrderCorrelation CoefficientAppendix Item 4 Table of ResultsParticipant numberScore for happiness(out of 18)Score for sociability(out of 18)1234567891011121314151617181920161076398111414141212915617141712551055641432211121397811814Appendix item 5: workings for mean, median and modeMEAN:Happiness:= 3+6+6+7+8+9+9+10+11+12+12+12+14+14+14+14+15+16+17+1720= 11.3Sociability:= 2+2+3+4+5+5+5+5+6+7+8+8+9+10+11+11+12+13+14+1420= 7.7MEDIAN:Happiness:= 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17= 12Sociability:= 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14= 7.5MODE:Happiness:= 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17= 14Sociability:= 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14= 5Range:Happiness:= 17 3= 14Sociability:=14 2= 12ContentsAbstract..1Introduction1Method4Results5Discussion..7References.9Appendices10Is there aCorrelationbetween Happinessand Sociability?Appendix item 3: Explanation of score sheet for questionnaire.The questions highlighted in pink are questions relating to happiness.The questions highlighted in yellow are questions relating to sociability.The questions crossed out are unrelated questions.On the answers the YES , MAYBE , or NO answers that are circled are the desired answers, meaning a person is happy/sociable. If a participant circles one of these answers on their copy of the questionnaire they are awarded one point, to either happiness or sociability depending on what the question was (whether highlighted in pink or yellow) related to. For example, if a participant was to answer NO to Question 1 (Do you think that people really dont care what happens to you?) the participant would be awarded one point on their happiness tally.The scoring system has been done in accordance with Eysencks scoring system to ensure the results were as valid and reliable as possible.

How to Conjugate Agir (to Act) in French

How to Conjugate Agir (to Act) in French As you continue to learn French, you may want to use the verb  agir, which means to act. Conjugating this French verb to match the subject and tense of a subject is actually quite easy because it is a regular verb. This quick French lesson will show you exactly how to do that. Conjugating the French Verb  Agir It is necessary to conjugate French verbs so they make sense in the context we wish to use them. We cannot simply use  agir  anytime we wish to say something or someone is acting or has acted. Instead, we need to change the ending of the verb and this is called conjugation. The good news is that  agir  is an easy one to conjugate. It follows the typical pattern of  regular  -ir verbs  to tell us which ending to use. This makes learning the conjugations for similar verbs rather easy. In the case of  agir, you can use the chart to discover the proper form to use based on the subject pronoun the I, he, we, etc. which are j, il, nous in French and the tense required. For instance, to say I act, you would say jagis in French. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' agis agirai agissais tu agis agiras agissais il agit agira agissait nous agissons agirons agissions vous agissez agirez agissiez ils agissent agiront agissaient Agirs Present Participle The  present participle  of  agir  is  agissant. Its a very useful conjugation as it can act as a verb, meaning acting, or you can utilize it as an adjective, gerund, or noun. Another  Past Tense of  Agir Its likely that you will use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  for the past tense rather than the imperfect in many instances. Its even easier with a verb like  agir  because theres no need to worry about the subject as all instances use the same form of  agir. In order to use the  passà © composà ©, you must first conjugate the auxiliary verb  to match the subject. For this verb, we use  avoir.  You will also need the past participle, which is agi. To put these pieces together, if we want to say I acted, it would be jai agi in French. Likewise, we acted is quite simply nous avons agi. You will note that ai and avons are the conjugates of our auxiliary (or helping) verb  avoir. More Conjugations of  Agir Among those conjugations above, you should be familiar with the present, future, and  passà © composà ©. The other forms, as well as those below, will be used on occasion. While its not necessary to memorize them, you should be aware of them. The subjunctive is a verb mood that is used when the action is undecided. Likewise, the conditional verb mood is used when the action is dependent on conditions it may or may not happen. The last two columns contain the  passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive of the verb  agir. These forms are used in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' agisse agirais agis agisse tu agisses agirais agis agisses il agisse agirait agit agà ®t nous agissions agirions agà ®mes agissions vous agissiez agiriez agà ®tes agissiez ils agissent agiraient agirent agissent The final conjugation of  agir  that you need to be concerned with is the imperative. This is another mood verb form that is used on occasion. The catch here is that you do not need to use the subject pronoun. Instead, it is implied in the imperative verb.   For instance, instead of tu agis you can simply use the verb  agis. Imperative (tu) agis (nous) agissons (vous) agissez Expand Your Understanding of  Agir Not only is  agir  a regular verb, it is also an impersonal verb. This means that it can be used in the impersonal form of  sagir de  which means to be a question of or to have to do with. Also, when you want to say to act like you will need to use the proper preposition. For  agir, that would be  agir en.

Explaining behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Explaining behaviour - Essay Example The field of psychology is trying to groom personalities keeping in view that our actions are reflective of our thoughts. Human behaviour is a set of actions that a particular person exhibit as a reaction to the given state of affairs. In real life man can conclude by reasoning from self evident principles. Amazingly even after decades of advent of psychology, many theorists presented theories explaining behaviour yet they fail to present a standardized theory applicable to all individuals. This lack of harmony encountered by behaviourists concerning the behaviour problems signifies the complexity faced in the identification of behaviour problems and planning for intervention. Behaviour refers to the actions of an organism in relation to its environment. However (Papatheodorou, 2005) said that there is not a single definition of behaviour which can fully satisfy the people working with children. Everyone’s perspectives of understanding behaviour are different. Over the period of time many theories evolved trying to comprehend human behaviour in various aspects. A brief overview of the popular ones’ are discussed as follows: Behaviour in terms of biological perspective is the outcome of various biological principles such as genetics, evolution and brain activity. Our brain relates to perceptions, thinking, and other aspects of abnormal behaviour. Behaviour is largely understood as the result of electrochemical activities that take place within our nerve cells. (Gerrig J, 2007). Intervention means exerting an influence to modify current state of affairs. In order to treat the symptoms of mind disorders and emotional disturbance drug therapy is used which include regular use of prescribed medications for treatment. (www.minddisorders.com) Behaviourist perception is that ‘personality is a collection of learned behavioural patterns’. It continues to lay stress on objective observations

USING YOUR MANAGER SKILL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

USING YOUR MANAGER SKILL - Essay Example According to the Lanham Act, trademark infringement and any representation which has the possibility of confusing consumers on the origin and the description of the goods is prohibited. The Act provides that there are three distinct elements which have to be established by the plaintiff to warrant an injunction and damages for trademark infringement. The first element to be is that the plaintiff, safe Choices in this case, has a valid claim over the mark and that the mark is registered or capable of being registered. The plaintiff must also show that the defendant used the mark and that the mark was used in commerce and the use in commerce was without the consent of the plaintiff who is the owner of the mark (WIPO, 1997). Finally, the plaintiff has to show that the use of the name has the effect of causing confusion to the consumers, in that it misrepresents on the origin or the manufacturer of the goods and the use in essence creates a relationship between the plaintiff’s pro ducts and the defendant’s products. Safe Choices have to show that they own the trademark that should be easy because Safe Choices already registered that trademark in 2002. The fact that its already registered means that it’s a valid trademark capable of being protected as a plaintiff cannot prevent others from using a name that does not belong to him. Therefore, in this case, Safe choices have to prove that the defendant used the trademark, and the use is an action thing and should not be lightly interpreted to curtail the functions of the defendant. The use in this case is valid, since Simply Green Company printed the name on its packaging materials and used the name to market the packaging materials. The second element to be is that the use was in commerce, and the use in commerce means that the defendant used the plaintiffs name in activities that bring economic