New 3 Questions on Politics and Administration Essay

New 3 Questions on Politics and Administration - Essay Example It has however been showcasing itself as one that checks over separation of powers. An issue that seemed to bring some controversy to this issue was the court’s rejection of Bush’s administration to detail prisoners of war. This led to the argument that the court would have been arguing in such a case due to lack of competency in the issues apprehended. According to Harriger (2011) and the concept of separation of powers, the court has acted in a manner to indicate that it is really enforcing for the power separation. Looking at these trends, in accordance to Harriger (2011), this separation of powers and the push by the Supreme Court trends to some judicial activism in the cases of power separation. He as well contended to the fact that he court seemed more oriented towards separation of powers than judicial supremacy. There is a bit of ignorance on the fact that judicial supremacy and defending its supremacy would be a better explanation of the activism of the court H arriger (2011). According to this author, the power war is between the congress and the federal government as well as the state governments. Harriger (2011) terms the behaviour of the courts in this case as a model of judicial activism in the sense that they do so against some constitutional values. Separation of powers is then argued to be more centralised towards public affairs in the recent past than it was thirty years ago. The issue of federalism and separation of powers comes in if the party controlling the houses differ from the President’s party. Divided governments have historically been used to show the various historical attributes that determine the struggle between the executive branches of the government. In the argument of the federalism about this struggle, there is an argument that all the government arms should be in such a manner that they can defend their own rights against invasion from the other arms. In this regard, they argue of the issues within the c onstitution that should better be served politically than in the courts Harriger (2011). Arguing on a federalist view, the constructions found in the constitution are not permanent and can be constitutionally solved. Looking at these arguments, it is evident that issues of separation of powers are directly connected to political battles in various arenas. Such issues are what led to the executive power showcased Bush as the Congress backed him up for the war on terror, considering that the houses were both controlled by republicans Harriger (2011). 2. Presidential powers According to Neustadt (1960) presidential powers are about the influence of the president to the country. The current American Presidency is a vital organ in the country’s progress and elections are taken very seriously. The current modern US President faces aid and service demands from quite some sources; the executive, congress, partisans, citizens and other countries. All these five organs are distinguishe d by what hey require of the president making this a role of the president Neustadt (1960). The obligations of the president are cut out for him alone. The President has such an importance status in the government such that there is always being demanded of his services. In his article, Neustadt (1960) states that these powers are in most cases behind the knowledge of the common man and thus will always remain at the mercy of the President. If compared to historical Presidents, the modern Presidency cannot much as the erstwhile

GCSE English Coursework Essay Example for Free

GCSE English Coursework Essay My room was dark, you could barely see the hands reaching out to grab you in your dreams, all you heard were the screams echoing down the hallway, the fury behind them, and the angered blood lust churning to be free from its mortal outer-shell. Then it all changed, he came for you after that, his sodden pitch black trench coat and his face so pale he looked as if he was a ghost; his eyes so red from all the built up torment. Then there were his teeth, he looked like a demon, yet his teeth were immaculate, a pristine definition of some good that was left in his heart, but from ones soul there is always something, lurking, slunk down in the hidden depths that is waiting there to turn evil. He seemed to enjoy his job, the chaotic screams of his victims bellowing, throughout, he endured fatalities, he loved to see them although the only thing he wouldnt let you do, was die, he expected you to live through your curse until you were freed. The only problem was, you could never leave, once you made an agreement with the brotherhood they expected payment and if you didnt, you end up being taken to this place; there they would extract their blood money. My name My name no longer exists; the brotherhood snatches everything you have to keep, including your identity. I have always been prisoner 101, sometimes I do wish I could go home though, see my family again, enjoy the holidays, and have a life. I expect you are wondering how I got here, well, it all started when I was 14, my friends and I were having a laugh and decided to explore this run-down windmill by the old orchard, that was supposedly haunted and apparently home to a witch. Being kids, this is something you believed and you would dare each other to go up to it. I had to go into the windmill and find some proof that there was something that there, and there it began, I slowly opened the door and clambered in, unaware of what was to come, I began to climb the winding staircase and as I reached the top there was something Something strange and peculiar; a girl, just standing there, looking over the edge, past the rotating blades and beyond the field, as if there was something to see in the blackness. As she turned round to look at me I saw nothingness in her gaze, no emotion, not a feeling, she looked right through me. She didnt look much older then me, she had long, dark hair and a pasty white face, she had a blank sense about her, it seemed she didnt know where she was or who she was, I asked her, her name but she didnt reply, she just kept on swaying from side and humming , she looked like the dead, she smelt like it too, I kept on asking her questions so I could get a response from her but finally she answered to me, she shouted at the top of her voice, it had a frightened feel to it as she was stuttering and trembling. They are coming. She said I was trying to say to her Who was coming? and Why are you crying? She just kept on saying it but getting more shaky and slower, until suddenly She stopped; petrified with horror, her eyes began to fix and then I began to feel something was wrong, I saw her eyes begin to slowly move until they were fixed on something forming a shape behind me. I knew from that point on there was something materialising behind me. I sensed its darkened gaze looking at me and its breath beating on my head, and thats when I saw him for the first time. As I turned to look behind me, there he was, looking down on me, his sodden, black trench coat, his eyes looking deep inside me and his sharp white teeth glinting at me in a murderously smile that sent shivers down my spine. I started walking backwards to stand next to the girl to have some company, but he kept coming closer towards me, the stench about him made me want to throw up, he slowly lifted his arm and stretched out his crocked finger and pointed at me, You have a debt to pay Said he. As I came up to the girl she looked at me once, then began to turn away again and look over the fields, she began to hum again a tune of which I never heard, this mysterious figure placed his cold hands on my shoulder, and then I saw something appear behind him, he grasped his hands onto me and threw me into the shape, both figures following behind me until I landed onto a cold flag stone, it was slimy to the touch and smelt vile, when I got a beam on moonlight shine down upon me, I realised I landed into a pit, the coagulated blood filled my sinuses with the stench of death and the ever-staring eyes watching me all over

Why do College Students Drink so Much? :: essays research papers

Why do College Students Drunk so Much?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people and today realize and today threatens too many of our youth.† -Senator Joe Lieberman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why do college students drink so much? This timeless fad has effected this generation in high percentages since the beginning of college education. Today in America it is estimated that approximately 29% of college students are regular alcohol abusers. Another recent study by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism performed showed that college students suffered 1,400 deaths, 70,000 date rapes and assaults, and 500,000 injuries each year as a result of alcohol. (McDonald) Although binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) is considered a normal part of the college experience many factors contribute to whether or not an individual is more prone to be an abuser.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are five factors that connect students with alcohol abuse with include: gender, family alcohol abuse, family depression and mental illness, childhood hyperactivity, and deviant behavior before age 15. Deviant behavior, for example, consists of acts such as being expelled from school, fighting, committing vandalism, chronic lying, and stealing. Many people who were antisocial growing up begin drinking abusively earlier in adolescence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A clinician test given to suspected alcoholics or taken personally is called the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The test given to check for pathological alcohol abuse is known as Criterion A for alcohol abuse. Requirements for this test include: wanting to stop drinking but could not, drinking 20 or more drinks in 1 day, having blackouts while drinking, going on two or more binges, continuing to drink with a serious health problem, or making rules to control drinking habits. (Fleming)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Criterion B covers more serious abuse which harm one’s personal and occupational lifestyles. Any one of the following items point to serious abuse: family members objecting to subject’s drinking, professional advice about drinking, job or school troubles due to drinking, accident while driving intoxicated, arrest, or physical fight. (Fleming)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A report from the University of Richmond told a story about a female college freshman who experienced a horrible situation after a night of drinking. It said that she remembered how hard it was to leave behind her family and friends, she remembered having to face the fact that she was a freshman again and how all she wanted was to be well-liked and to fit-in but one thing she does not remember at all is the night she was raped by two freshman males in a room full of people.

Liberal Nature of Indian State Essay

The state is being perceived as an â€Å"organised structural and institutional whole† epitomizing the power relations of society. The state in a developing society arise from historical factors and interacts with society through its decisive role in the economic process of the nation. To study the nature of any particular state, it is necessary to analyse to relation between state, power, and social classes and the purpose of the state. The liberal democratic form stands on the foundation of democracy. The liberal critique of the Indian state can be read in the writings of Rajni Kothari, Atul Kohli, The Rudolphs, Gunnar Myrdal. The state is associated with modernity. The idea of nation is also linked with the state and is encompassed within it. The liberal movement did not develop in India, as in Europe, in response to the challenge of aggression of king but after a long anti-colonial struggle against the British Raj which culminated in the Partition of India and its Independence in 1947. The Constitution which was drawn up shortly after was essentially liberal in character. It was a product of the Western impact through British rule and contributed to India’s constitutional and political development. The constitution declared it as a sovereign socialist republic democratic country. Thus, Indian state is characterized as a liberal democratic model which provides for separation of powers and fundamental rights to the people. Moreover India is a representative form of government, where elections are held on the basis of universal adult franchise. Ram Mohan Roy, with whom the history of Indian liberalism begins, showed great concern for social reform and the upliftment of women, education as a means of social transformation, freedom of press and no censorship, all of which were inherited by the great liberals of India. Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘the chief architect’ of the modern Indian State,  considered the state to be the ‘trustee and guardian’ of the Indian people by looking after democratic aspirations and providing economic welfare. The influence of Nehru in the Indian state can be seen in the economic front, as it adopted the socialist path of development with a focus on planning for economic development. India’s liberalism in the modern period may best be described as a re-articulation, a re-articulation that was undoubtedly called forth by the new knowledge, enlightenment, political institutions and social patterns which Britain brought with her. The liberal view of the state is typically strong. Institutional strength is key in this and state and society remains separate. The state has to remain relatively autonomous from society. Legitimacy is also an important part of the liberal state, and this term started to be used in India especially during the 1975 emergency. India has been characterised as a ‘soft’ and ‘weak’ state by Gunnar Myrdal. The problem of a soft state is the crisis of legitimacy. Liberal critics have characterised India as a liberal state with strong institutions of the Parliament, independent judiciary, executive, along with fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy. Rajni Kothari argued that the Indian state sought to legitimise itself as an order-maintaining institution. The Nehruvian model succeeded during Nehru’s time, but gradually the masses awakened and pressure for redistributive politics grew. Moreover the state was becoming more centralised and lost its mediating structures of the party system. Ashis Nandy, an Indian political psychologist, envisaged the state as a protector of the interests of the Indian people from outsiders. Although, he noted that the state itself subjected the masses to oppression through institutional structures. He argued that it was preferable as the oppression worked from within and not arbitrarily. Atul Kohli explains the Indian state through its paradoxical apparatus of state government arising from growth of centralisation and powerlessness at the centre. Centralisation erodes the legitimacy of the state and its developmental power. Gunnar Myrdal criticized the inability of the state to enforce public policies to eradicate poverty or to enforce laws and dubbed the institutional model of the Indian state as â€Å"soft state†. According to Myrdal, the Indian state was soft as it had no power to rectify institutions that stood in the way of reform and development. As a result, it could not tackle the institution of caste directly, take measures of effective land reform, eradicate corruption or enforce ideas of development effectively through the people. One consequence of this softness has been the growth of left-wing extremism, which Manmohan Singh called the â€Å"gravest internal threat† to the country’s security. Myrdal’s ‘hard state’ would have been able to tackle Naxalism which has gravely affected the nation. The liberal approach focuses on institutions and processes to understand state and political power in India. The state is considered the central instrument of social progress and principal agent of transformation. According to the Rudolphs, there are two groups characterised in the Indian state, one being the ‘owners of production’ and the other being the ‘labourer’ group. They analysed the state as a mediator between these two conflicting groups, and in doing so, must remain autonomous in order to maintain structural unity of the state. The role of the state would hence be the â€Å"third actor†. The Rudolphs believe in the capability of India to become a strong state, unlike the weak state that Myrdal argued. The Rudolphs’ liberal perspective was directed at constitutional strength and legitimacy, citizen as an abstract category, and institutional strength in the form of bureaucracy which defined the identity of liberalism in the  Indian state. The bureaucracy played an important role in policy making and reflects good governance. The expertise of the members would provide efficient decision making. Liberal institutionalists believe in strengthening institutions to achive a strong state through legitimacy. This extra autonomy of legitimacy derived from law and ability to rule gets rid of the crisis of legitimacy which is a problem of the Soft State as Myrdal puts it. Before the emergence period of 1975, India had a paradoxical apparatus of state government. The excess power in the centre made the peripheries unstable, causing the core and periphery to constantly break in tussle. This led to a loss of faith from the people’s side, and re-institutionalising of the state during Indira Gandhi’s time. The bureaucracy also faces criticisms on account of maintaining neutrality arises if every rule is made by experts. And if the state becomes too reliant on expertise, it becomes idealist in nature. The Rudolph’s Command Polity talks about the state becoming the utmost power. The Rudolphs pointed out that India is a state that works and derives its legitimacy from demand.This polity in India gave way to crisis. State is not an entity which has always remained stab le. Reflection of individual liberties are a part of democratic liberalism. Demands from the lower class have to be included to maintain stability. The Marxist view sees the Indian state as a bourgeois state – where the benefits are only with the big industrialists and rich farmers. Though this nature does not completely dominates the state it exercises a powerful influence over the Indian state. India has a highly plural society marked by various ethnic groups of different language and different religion. After independence India has experienced difficulty to maintain its unity. But growth of violence, regionalism, poverty, slow development of economy has questioned the working  of Indian state and its nature. The impact of social rule is visible in India. Recently, faith in democratic, institution, redistributions, justice and secularism seems to be eroded in Indian state. However, the state continues to solve conflicting interest and development problem. Threats to individual freedom make it necessary for individuals to organise for civil liberties and constantly explore new realms for free expression. To create stability, the Indian state has to be strong. Thus today’s India stands as a political and economic paradox of a rich – poor nation with a weak – strong state. BIBLIOGRAPHY Indian Government and Politics- Sunder Raman Indian Political System – M.P Singh & Roy The Centrist Future of Indian Politics – Susanne Rudolph and Lloyd Rudolph

Unit 9 – Assignment 2 Complete the Assignment Specified in Sam.

Judy Vasquez HCMG745-Dr. Szostek March 27, 2013 Week 4-Assignment 4 You will explore these areas in a research based paper with at least four scholarly references. Be sure to summarize the weekly focus area, evaluate its effect on the future of healthcare and your practice, and conclude the aspects of quality and best practice involved. Due Day 7 For Week 4 Operations, develop an overall operations plan. TOPIC SUMMARY EFFECT ON HEALTHCARE FUTURE OVERALL QUALITY & BEST PRACTICE ISSUESWhat will be a typical patient experience? Patients are first seen with either our primary physician or orthopedists, many are experience joint, spinal, or neck issues from motor vehicles accidents or slip and falls, so they are usually in a lot of pain. Patients are prescribed pain medication if needed, and go through a series of tests performed by our physicians at our practice. Imaging is usually needed, so many must have MRI's and X rays performed and bring their CD's with them to be reviewed by our d octors.We always follow-up with each of our patients, and if they have surgery they have ore-surgical and post surgical consultations with our physicians. Describe patient flow from making the appointment to paying the bill. Many of our patients have been in car accidents or slip and falls, they are being referred to our surgeons, neurologists, primary physicians, and orthopedists from attorneys. If the pain is tolerable we do not recommend surgery, however when patients are in excruciating pain we have them see our neurologist to have various neurological tests performed.When we have a new patient referred to our office, we gather all of their demographics and insurance information, if they do not have insurance many times there is a liable party information involved.. First we call the attorney to get more information on the case, next we fax the attorney letters of protection. Some of our cases are funded so we fax the funding company the information on the case with liable party information such as limits. Next we schedule a surgery date for the patient if surgery is needed, and ax the surgery center the case and Letter Of Protection for patient to sign.Lastly, after the surgery we fax the paperwork for coding. How will you address regulatory compliance and risk management? From a medical practice standpoint complying with regulations not only decreases risk but can decrease mortality and costs. http://www. acponline. org/running_practice/practice_management/regulatory_compliance/How will continuous quality improvement and best practices be addressed? How are you going to develop and maintain an ethical, quality, and complaint practice for the long term? What regulatory bodies will you have to be concerned with on an ongoing basis?Medicare and Medicaid Audits are some of the major regulatory bodies our practice is constantly concerned with. Recovery Audit programs aim to decrease the likelihood of overpayment and underpayments of their beneficiaries. This means our practice must stay on top of proper coding and billing to avoid penalties associated with false claims. http://www. cms. gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Monitoring-Programs/recovery-audit-program/index. html? redirect=/rac/ What do you see as possible futuristic operations issues/policies? How will you create the optimal care environment?

Request for Proposal Essays

Request for Proposal Essays Request for Proposal Essay Request for Proposal Essay Request for Proposal Name: Course: Date: Request for Proposal The purpose of this Request for proposals (RFP) is to engage a client to supply the following services to Google Inc. Google Inc, by means of this RFP, invites all qualified companies to submit proposals that comply with all the regulations delineated in this RFP. Google Inc predicts that, based on its appraisal and assessment of the proposals obtained in accordance with this RFP, it will pick a supplier and sign a contract whereby the supplier will deliver the services to Google Inc, in line with the terms and conditions agreed upon in the contract. Company Information Google Inc. is an American international company that makes available Internet-based products and services, including research, cloud storage, software and advertising innovations. Advertising revenues from Ad Words contributes a large chunk of the company’s profits. The company was established by Larry Page while he was studying in Stanford University. Google was first registered as a private company in 1998 and in 2004; it floated its initial public offering. The company’s mission statement was to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Company’s right to reject Google Inc., in its sole judgment, reserves the right to reject any proposals including, without constraint, any material that is brought for their consumption by the different suppliers. Schedule of events Google Inc. will try to comply with the following proposed timeline that is used for assessing, bargaining and issuing a contract. Events Date Public notification of the purpose to propose to potential proposersJan 2013Issuance of Request for Proposal04/ 02/ 2013Checking deadline for receipt of RFP11/ 02/ 2013Availing comments and queries through website15/ 02/ 2013Verbal presentations for chosen proposers21/ 02/ 2013Issuing recommendations to the board of directors26/ 02/ 2013 Needs Assessment The results reported in the survey analysis were based on the participation of the colleagues and classmates. The results of the survey were very compelling and were not as previously expected. The survey was performed to collect information on people’s experiences in identifying JIT solutions found in various technological platforms. The initial question asked was what types of technologies were regularly used and the results of the survey indicated that personal computers and cell phones were the most popular. About 75% of the respondents regularly used laptops and just over 50% used Tablets in their social and economic activities. The results for iPad users were very dismal and stood at approximately 25% of the total respondents. With the prominence of the gadget, it was surprising that very few people preferred iPads as they opted for the other sources of work and interaction. The usage of the JIT solution and databases to accessing information was accessible to everyone t hat participated in the study. When questioned about the definite learning method, most respondents stated that they preferred online lectures and knowledge base as their preferred learning tool with only a few indicating that they preferred traditional forms of learning. The respondents replied that they each spent anywhere from 20 minutes to four or more hours of training for this activity. In conclusion, based on this analysis, the JIT solution using Microsoft Office Power point offered the best solution to the training. Power-point slides are easily to generate and administer as they are precise and learners have an easy time grasping ideas using the graphics. They are also lightweight applications that are easily transferable across various technological platforms. Statement of Work Purpose The rationale for this Request for Proposal (RFP) is to attract prospective vendors to present a proposal for the exclusive rights to produce and supply communication equipment such as computers and tablets to Google Inc. This proposal also addresses the effectiveness of this process and its potential to improve the current systems of communication. The RFP issues vendors with the pertinent application, performance and operational necessities of the system (Porter-Roth, 2002). RFP Requirements Right to modify, rescind or revoke RFP Google Inc. sets aside the rights to alter, withdraw, or revoke this RFP, completely or partially, at any time before the date on which the certified representative of the Company signs up a contract with the chosen proposer. Compliance with RFPR requirements Through submitting a proposal, a proposer agrees to be attached by the requirements outlined in the RFP. Google Inc, at its sole judgment, may exclude a proposal from consideration, if they establish a proposal was not compliant in whole or partly, with the requirements prescribed in this RFP. Binding Effect of Proposal Unless otherwise agreed in writing and ratified by the Vice President for Business Affairs, each Proposer will assent to and shall be bound by the details and credentials provided with the proposal, including prices cited for services rendered. Signature and Certification of Proposer The proposal must be cleared and confirmed by an agent of the proposer who is approved to bind the proposer to the terms and conditions contained in this RFP and to conform to the information presented in the proposal. Each proposer presenting a proposal verifies to the wholeness, actuality, and correctness of the information provided in the proposal as well as the authority of the person whose signature appears on the proposal to bind the proposer to the regulations outlined in this RFP. Proposals presented without the mandatory signature shall be deemed ineligible (Pallans, 2005). Requirements for submission The proposers shall ensure that they shall present their proposals in the following way. One original copy that is clearly marked, processed using Microsoft Word (spacing 10 point, Times New Roman font) and clearly comprehensible. The original copy should be in a three-ring binder and should bear the name of the proposer as well as the subject matter. Deadline for proposals The latest proposals should reach the Google Inc. company headquarters or on before 31 February 2013 and no later than 4: 00 pm. The company will not accept any proposal that is presented after this date as ample time has been provided to all potential proposers to make then necessary submissions. Budget Estimated Pricing The survey report entailed discovering technologies that could support the choice of JIT solutions. Six potential solutions were available that could effectively access databases to view the information online. This report analyzed the performance of these six innovations and contrasted their suitability. In the various categories available, much care was taken to analyze the solutions objectively and without bias, as the potential effectiveness of the solutions was crucial to the development of the technology. The Cost Analysis report below illustrates the various innovations proposed and their evaluations. JIT SolutionURL Location Estimated Cost BenefitsDisadvantagesComputersdell.com/us/p/desktops From $449They are relatively faster and may contain higher resolutions and memory capacities, which make them efficientThey are relatively expensive and may require additional accessories such as modems to access the internet. They cannot be carried from one place to another (Ward, 2011). Due to the ever-developing software, they easily become redundant, as they cannot handle the necessary capacities.Cell phonescellphoneshop.net/cellphone1.htm From $19.99They are relatively easy to carry from one place to another. They are cheap and simple to use.They are small and have low screen resolutions. They are relatively slow in accessing the internet. The content they offer is limited to the type of software that the manufacturer develops them with.Laptopsdell.com/us/p/laptops From $349Depending on the memory and size, they have a high screen resolution and are relatively faster. They can easily be carried from one place to another.They a re expensive and delicate. They require to be handled with care. According to my survey, up to 25% of people do not have access to laptops. Their life span is also limited with new products replacing old ones constantly. Tabletsdell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/tablets From $499They have relatively more features and applications. They are more comfortable to carry (Reeds, 2002).They are more delicate than laptops and computers. They have features that are more complex. As such, the target of this feature is limited to those who are conversant with this technology.Ipadsapple.com/uk/ipad/compare From $ 269They are cheaper than laptops and computers. They contain most of the features you can find in laptops and computers. They are also relatively easier to carry (Tellijohn, 2010).They may lack some essential applications such as the flash viewer used for browsing. The limitations in software compatibility also hinder individuals not conversant with this technology from adopting it on a wide scale.

The eNotes Blog Hmmm Seems to be a Book! Ten Gift Suggestions for ChristmasReading

Hmmm Seems to be a Book! Ten Gift Suggestions for ChristmasReading Among my friends, (who, lets face it, often regard sunlight as the enemy) there can never be a better Christmas present than a coveted book. Most of our friends, family members, and colleagues know we love to read. However,  what  to get your favorite bibliophile can be daunting: Hmmmm well, Diana sorta likes cats. How about this special, 40 lb tome of  Cats Through the Ages?   -or- Who doesnt  want to learn the ancient art of  origami? (*Me) Variation: Who  doesnt  like spy novels?   (*Also me). So, instead of grabbing a random book, here are ten suggestions from my well-read friends that may help you select a welcomed gift that will actually be read: p 10.   Bringing Up the Bodies  by Hilary Mantel   This Man-Booker prize winning sequel, as well as   Mantels first novel  Wolf Hall  (which  also  won the Man-Booker!) are both on my personal list. From Publishers Weekly:  Henry VIIIs challenge to the churchs power with his desire to divorce his queen and marry Anne Boleyn set off a tidal wave of religious, political and societal turmoil that reverberated throughout 16th-century. 9.   Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats   A required volume for lovers of poetry. Both newcomers and those already familiar with the work of Yeats will appreciate this collection which   includes all of the poems authorized by Yeats for inclusion in his standard canon. Breathtaking in range, it encompasses the entire arc of his career, from luminous reworkings of ancient Irish myths and legends to passionate meditations on the demands and rewards of youth and old age, from exquisite, occasionally whimsical songs of love, nature, and art to somber and angry poems of life in a nation torn by war and uprising. 8.  The Language of Flowers  by Vanesa Diffenbach Consider picking this  New York Times  best-seller and recent book club favorite: The Victorian language of flowers was used to convey romantic expressions: honeysuckle for devotion, asters for patience, and red roses for love. But for Victoria Jones, it’s been more useful in communicating mistrust and solitude. After a childhood spent in the foster-care system, she is unable to get close to anybody, and her only connection to the world is through flowers and their meanings. Now eighteen and emancipated from the system with nowhere to go, Victoria realizes she has a gift for helping others through the flowers she chooses for them. But an unexpected encounter with a mysterious stranger has her questioning what’s been missing in her life. And when she’s forced to confront a painful secret from her past, she must decide whether it’s worth risking everything for a second chance at happiness. 7.   January First: A Childs Descent into Madness and Her Fathers Struggle to Save Her  by Michael Scofield A good choice for a lover of non-fiction reads, one friend says the memoir is heartbreaking and engrossing at the same time. I couldnt put it down and read it mostly in one day. At six years old, January Schofield, â€Å"Janni,† to her family, was diagnosed with schizophrenia, one of the worst mental illnesses known to man.   What’s more, schizophrenia is 20 to 30 times more severe in children than in adults and in January’s case, doctors say, she is hallucinating 95 percent of the time that she is awake. Potent psychiatric drugs that would level most adults barely faze her. 7.   The Presidents Club: Inside the Worlds Most Exclusive Fraternity  by Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy   Got a political junkie on your list? A friend tells me this is a Cant-Put-It-Down choice. Starting with the surprisingly effective relationship of Harry S. Truman and Herbert Hoover, and following through Obama and His Club,  TIME Magazines Executive Editor Nancy Gibbs and Washington Bureau Chief Michael Duffy trace the surprising, complicated story of the worlds most exclusive fraternity. Sitting presidents and their predecessors have at times proved remarkably simpatico, at others impossible thorns in each others sides. The authors extensive research demonstrates that ex-Presidents have a penchant for morphing from consummate team players into irascible rogues, sometimes within weeks, as they strive both to remain relevant and to shape their own legacies. 6.   The Word Made Flesh: Literary Tattoos from Bookworms Worldwide  by Eva Talmadge and Justin Taylor Under that frayed sports coat lies the heart of a beast! Your English professor or quiet librarian may well be hiding a little secret tattoos that express their love of literature. This beautiful text is a collection of more than 150 full-color photographs of human epidermis indelibly adorned with quotations and illustrations from Dickinson to Pynchon, from Shakespeare to Plath. With beloved lines of verse, literary portraits, and illustrations- and statements from the bearers on their tattoos history and the personal significance of the chosen literary work- The Word Made Flesh  is part collection of photographs and part literary anthology written on skin. 5.   Mr. Penumbras 24-Hour Bookstore  by Robin Sloan Perfect for both the   book lover, bookstore lover,  and mystery fan, Sloans novel is a gleeful and exhilarating tale of global conspiracy, complex code-breaking, high-tech data visualization, young love, rollicking adventure, and the secret to eternal life- mostly set in a hole-in-the-wall San Francisco bookstore. 4.   Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm: A New English Version  by Philip Pullman Most people know that the versions of the Grimm Brothers tales many of us grew up with were sanitized verisons of the original stories. In this new edition, author Philip Pullman retells his fifty favorites, from much-loved stories like â€Å"Cinderella† and â€Å"Rumpelstiltskin,† â€Å"Rapunzel† and â€Å"Hansel and Gretel† to lesser-known treasures like â€Å"The Three Snake Leaves, Godfather Death and The Girl with No Hands. At   the end of each tale he offers a brief personal commentary, opening a window on the sources of the tales, the various forms theyve taken over the centuries and their everlasting appeal. 3.   Judging a Book by Its Lover: A Field Guide to the Hearts and Minds of Readers Everywhere  by Laura Leto   This is another entry from my personal Wish List. Do you know how some people snoop through bathroom medicine cabinets or desk drawers? Personally, I eye their bookshelves. Most book lovers do. We want to know what we have in common or who we need to stay away from, often making instant friendships or enemies based on libraries alone. In her study, Leto provides a  hilarious send-up of- and inspired homage to- the passionate and peculiar world of book culture. 2.  Cezanne: A Life  by Alex Danchev Okay, I confess. This is  also  on  my  list (get yer own blog!).   Cezannes life has long fascinated me, and after hearing an interview with Danchev, I am eager to learn more.   Heres an overview: With brisk intellect, rich documentation, and eighty-eight color and fifty-two black-and-white illustrations, Danchev tells the story of an artist who was originally considered a madman, a barbarian, and a sociopath. Beginning with the unsettled teenager in Aix, Danchev takes us through the trials of a painter who believed that art must be an expression of temperament but was tormented by self-doubt, who was rejected by the Salon for forty years, who sold nothing outside his immediate circle until his thirties, who had a family that he kept secret from his father until his forties, who had his first exhibition at the age of fifty-six- but who fiercely maintained his revolutionary beliefs. 1.   Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln  by Doris Kerns Goodwin Steven Spielbergs wonderful new film Lincoln  was largely based on the research of famed historian Doris Kearns Goodwin. Anyone interested in politics or history will certainly enjoy this compelling re-examination of the drama surrounding the eventual adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Group Areas Act No. 41 of 1950

Group Areas Act No. 41 of 1950 On April 27, 1950, the Group Areas Act No. 41 was passed by the apartheid government of South Africa. As a system, apartheid used long-established race classifications to maintain the dominance of the colonial occupation of the country. The primary purpose of apartheid laws was to promote the superiority of whites and to establish and elevate the minority white regime. A suite of legislative laws was passed to accomplish this, including Group Areas Act No. 41, as well as the Land Act of 1913, the Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 and the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950: all of these were created to separate the races and subjugate nonwhite people. South African race categories were set up within a few decades after the discovery of diamonds and gold in the country during the mid-19th century: native-born Africans (Blacks, but also called kaffirs or Bantu), Europeans or European-descended (Whites or Boers), Asians (Indians) and mixed raced (Coloured). The 1960 South African census showed that 68.3% of the population were African, 19.3% were White, 9.4% Coloured, and 3.0% Indian. Restrictions of the Group Areas Act No. 41 The Group Areas Act No 41 forced physical separation and segregation between races by creating different residential areas for each race. Implementation started in 1954 when people were first forcibly removed from living in wrong areas, leading to the destruction of communities. The Act also restricted ownership and the occupation of land to groups as permitted, meaning that Africans could neither own nor occupy land in European areas. The law was also supposed to apply in reverse, but the result was that land under black ownership was taken by the government for use by whites only. The government set aside ten homelands for relocated non-white residents, mostly scattered bits of unwanted territories, based on ethnicity among the black communities. These homelands were granted independence with limited self-rule, the main purpose of which was to delete the homeland residents as citizens of South Africa, and cut back on the governments responsibility for providing housing, hospitals, schools, electricity, and water supplies. Implications However, the Africans were a significant economic source in South Africa, in particular as a labor force in the cities. Pass Laws were established to require non-whites to carry passbooks, and later reference books (similar to passports) to be eligible to enter the white parts of the country. Workers hostels were established to accommodate temporary workers, but between 1967 and 1976, the South African government simply stopped building homes for Africans at all, leading to severe housing shortages. The Group Areas Act allowed for the infamous destruction of Sophiatown, a suburb of Johannesburg. In February 1955, 2,000 policemen began removing Sophiatown residents to Meadowlands, Soweto and established the suburb as an area for whites only, newly called Triomf (Victory). In some cases, the nonwhites were loaded onto trucks and dumped into the bush to fend for themselves.   There were serious consequences for people who didnt comply with the Group Areas Act. People found in violation could receive a fine of up to two hundred pounds, prison for up to two years, or both. If they didnt comply with forced eviction, they could be fined sixty pounds or face six months in prison. Effects of the Group Areas Act Citizens tried to use the courts to overturn the Group Areas Act, though they were unsuccessful each time. Others decided to stage protests and engage in civil disobedience, such as sit-ins at restaurants, which took place across South Africa during the early 1960s. The Act hugely affected communities and citizens across South Africa. By 1983, more than 600,000 people had been removed from their homes and relocated. Colored people suffered significantly because housing for them was often postponed because plans for zoning were primarily focused on races, not mixed races. The Group Areas Act also hit Indian South Africans especially hard because many of them resided in other ethnic communities as landlords and traders. In 1963, approximately a quarter of Indian men and women in the country were employed as traders. The National Government turned a deaf ear to the protests of the Indian citizens: in 1977, the Minister of Community Development said that he wasnt aware of any cases instances in which Indian traders who were resettled that didnt like their new homes. Repeal and Legacy The Group Areas Act was repealed by President Frederick Willem de Klerk on April 9, 1990. After apartheid ended in 1994, the new African National Congress (ANC) government headed by Nelson Mandela was faced with an enormous housing backlog. More than 1.5 million homes and apartments in the urban areas were located in informal settlements without property titles. Millions of people in rural areas lived in terrible conditions, and urban blacks resided in hostels and shacks. The ANC government promised to build one million homes within five years, but most of them were of necessity located in developments on the outskirts of cities, which have tended to sustain existing spatial segregation and inequality. Great strides have been undertaken in the decades since apartheid ended, and today South Africa is a modern country, with an advanced highway system and modern homes and apartment buildings in the cities available to all residents. While nearly half of the population was without formal housing in 1996, by 2011, 80 percent of the population had a home. But the scars of inequality remain.   Sources Bickford-Smith, Vivian. Urban History in the New South Africa: Continuity and Innovation since the End of Apartheid. Urban History 35.2 (2008): 288–315. Print.Christopher, A.J.  Apartheid Planning in South Africa: The Case of Port Elizabeth. The Geographical Journal 153.2 (1987): 195–204. Print.-. Urban Segregation in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Urban Studies 38.3 (2001): 449–66. Print.Clark, Nancy L., and William H. Worger. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2016. Print.Maharaj, Brij. Apartheid, Urban Segregation, and the Local State: Durban and the Group Areas Act in South Africa. Urban Geography 18.2 (1997): 135–54. Print.-. The Group Areas Act and Community Destruction in South Africa. Urban Forum 5.2 (1994): 1–25. Print.Newton, Caroline, and Nick Schuermans. More Than Twenty Years after the Repeal of the Group Areas Act: Housing, Spatial Planning and Urban Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Jour nal of Housing and the Built Environment 28.4 (2013): 579–87. Print.

Business Stabilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Stabilization - Essay Example This postulation highlights the disjoint and independence in supply and demand based on time and persons. This is a sharp contrast to the view of the classical monetarist who did not take into consideration the possibility of a time lag in-between earning and expenditure and the savings culture. This was the starting point for Keynesian Economics. As stated earlier, fiscal policy is of more importance than monetary policy in the view of Keynesian Economist. Keynesians believe that money is an asset which can be held for its own sake and not just as a temporal abode of purchasing power. Keynesians do no believe that changes in money supply have significant effects on economic activities. Keynesianism also does not reckon with the classical belief that money can be routed to affect economic activities. Although it will be an overstatement to say that Keynesianism does not recognize money as being important, it should however be put in proper perspective. Money does not have a direct im pact on the economy. Before money can be said to have an impact on the economy, Keynesians believe that a change in money supply should influence interest rate which should in turn translate into a change in investment levels and ultimately have an effect on national income, only then can money be said to matter. Rate of Ms1 Rate of Net Ms= Money Supply Interest Ms2 interest Md = Money demand r1 r1 r2 r2 M1 M2 Ms Md r3 b Investment Going by the graphical illustration above, It is readily observable that, lowering the interest rate will have no impact on an inelastic investment curve. Keynesians also believe that the primary link between money supply and the economy is interest rate with two other secondary link of the ability of the interest rate to affect investments and for changes in investments to affect national income these links according to Keynesianism are very weak. Politicians in the UK in the course of electioneering and campaign exhibit vast knowledge of Keynesianism with the way Economic policies are drawn up. The two main parties in the UK today are the Conservative and Labour parties, each having their traditional viewpoint on economic policies and how the Government is expected to intervene in the economy. However, in the post war period, there has been cross-party consensus as regards economic policy with very great inclination of both the left and the right towards Keynesianism. There has equally been much talk from both sides on how best to manipulate the financial operations of the Government with a view to furthering certain economic policy objectives. These objectives include price stability, external equilibrium, economic development and growth, income distribution etc. instruments of fiscal policy such as tax, Government expenditure and interest rates are ideas that have been propagated in the quest to achieve the afore-mentioned objectives. The belief is that by fine-tuning the fiscal policy, depression within an economy can be overcome. Both the labour and conservative party agreed that some key industries should be owned by the state in a process of nationalization. However

Reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Reflective account - Essay Example In this paper, I have discussed some of the most important findings of my visit to these companies. Also, I have discussed which of the two companies, I would like to join in the future, and in what ways, customers are entertained by either of the two companies. A & P takes great care of its workforce. That is why, there can be seen some extremely aged workers in A & P. Many employees have worked in A & P for the whole of their professional life which essentially tells that they have been taken care of and their needs have always been addressed. Employee turnover rate in A & P is near to negligible. Workers work with mutual collaboration and harmony, and team work. This makes me feel attracted towards A & P for job. I would always like to work in an environment where workers have good relations with one another. One key factor that makes the customer service of A & P special and unique is that A & P offers service to the customers unobstructed by regional boundaries. The system in A & P is so well established that customers get their repairs made and their comments addressed from far away countries. What makes it even more surprising is that in a vast majority of cases, customers get their concerns addressed much earlier than what they expect. It is interesting to note that many of the permanent customers of A & P place their orders from overseas. They are delivered the product at their respective addresses in their hometown, so they have to face little to no inconvenience at all. Staff of the A & P travels to the dockyards all over the world and transfers the repaired products to the customers. In addition to that, A & P offers yachts at considerably lower prices than most of the yacht making companies do. This is one key reason behind the voluminous body of customers that the company has. Pendennis is largely known for its human resource development strategies. Pendennis first decided to train 10 apprentices in 1998. The practice did make the owners incur som e money, yet it was all paid off later as the workforce became more talented and increased productivity. Because of their immense efforts in the way of development of human resource, Pendennis has in 2008 been granted the title of Best Large Company Apprenticeship. Their growing popularity has increased their business manifolds. I would like to work in Pendennis because professional development opportunities for staff members in Pendennis are numerous. Pendennis takes very good care of its customers. Like A & P, Pendennis also has customers world wide. Customer service system is very efficient, and customers’ complaints and suggestions are given due consideration. Pendennis is known for its creativity, and customers have conventionally been good source of innovative ideas. Both A & P and Pendennis are extremely good in the business practices and the organizational culture prevalent in both of the companies is sufficiently strong and stable. Both are equally popular. It is ver y difficult for me to choose one of them and say that I would like to work in that company, and not in the other. In fact, I consider both of them very nice places to be in, yet if I were to choose one of them, I would go for Pendennis because employees’ on job training is something that is not conventionally provided by many employers while Pendennis does provide it. I believe that the

Management Styles of Ursula Burns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management Styles of Ursula Burns - Essay Example The world continues to grow and flourish because of management and its leaders. This report will involve a study of management and its history in brief; further, an attempt will be made to understand management in contemporary times using an example of a current thriving business. A brief study on Xerox Corporation and its evolution under the able leadership of its CEO Ursula Burns will help in understanding the challenges in modern businesses. In this process, management qualities of Ms Burns that helped Xerox will be highlighted. 2. Management: Management may be defined as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz, H & Koontz, H.W, p.5). These individuals and groups accomplish their aims through a systematic approach that forms the main functions of management, such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (p.6). Managers own the responsibility of performin g and/or supervising these functions, and hence need specific skills and knowledge related to these functions. 2.1 History of management: The concept of management has existed since centuries back, but it has received much attention only during last century. One important historical development related to the study of management can be traced back to the writings of Walter Puckey’s writings named ‘What is This Management?†(Witzel, p.4). Studies related to this concept were begun at the Harvard Business School by the then dean, Edwin Gay, during 1908 (p.5). The main areas of focus in management study at that time included the terms manager, factor, administrator and executive, with each term having specific meaning based on the functions performed by these individuals. However, the concept of managers is the most cited one in management texts, owing to their functions (pls see appendix 1). 2.2 Current management concerns and challenges: Trends in management have be en constantly changing because of technological advancements, changes in attitudes of customers and clients, changes in employee expectations, changes in market, globalization etc. Hence, the most prominent challenge in management field relates to ‘change.’ Managers are under constant pressure from superiors and external entities to bring about improvement in their performance outcomes in every manner. This subsequently challenges skills and knowledge. In most of the cases, managers also own leadership responsibilities besides managerial functions, which necessitate constant interaction, coaching, guidance, supervision and motivation of their team members. Constantly changing circumstances put greater pressure on managers to meet their employees’ expectations in terms of skill upgradation, mentoring, motivation, conflict resolution, etc. Managers should also deliver constant improvement in order to sustain their organization’s good performance, or have to compete against better performance from rivals in the field in order to sustain the organization’s position in the market. 3. Who is Ursula Burns? Ursula Burns, the CEO and Chairman of Xerox Corp, USA, is one of the most powerful women in the world as per Fortune magazine’s list. Her success at Xerox stands as an example of efficient and effective management overcoming all hardships and leading the company to success. A brief study on Burns life and career would help in understanding the underlying reasons for her achievement. 3.1

Factors other than technology that influenced military innovation Essay

Factors other than technology that influenced military innovation during the Interwar Period - Essay Example Europe was immensely affected by the devastation of the First World War while North America affected by the great depression in 1929. The worldwide depression contributed to the growth of Nazism in Germany which resulted in World War 2. The military technology of the interwar period provided ample promise for innovation, but did not determine the state of change. In many cases state of the art technology would not support operational concepts developed by military visionaries. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.342) Civilian timidity, insufficient intelligence, and lack of political guidance contributed immensely to the lack of military innovation during the interwar period. Civilian participation is important in political and technological processes. In Britain military professionalism countered civilian curiosity; the committee system diffused arguments and sharpened pessimism rather than encouraged debate on defence options. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.361) The general public during this period was not aware of the importance of military innovation. They had many other things to discuss like the depression, and they never took military innovation as a serious thing. They were already witnessed the drastic results of a world war and they thought the military innovations may result in another world war. The civilians concluded that the military operations are for destructive purposes only and they failed to recognize the need of defence and such attitudes of the civilians retarded the military innovation process. In the United States, civilian-military political collaboration arose in the institutionalized conflict between the Presidency and Congress over domination of military policy. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.362) The political leaders also kept different views on the need of military innovation. Because of these conflicts among the parliamentary members, the most of the military innovation processes failed to get the

Composition and Inverse Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Composition and Inverse - Speech or Presentation Example about a store in their place which sells different kinds of pizzas according to the topped components where each pizza contains three different toppings. Besides the cheese and the pepper which is optionally put on crust, the three toppings of one pizza are completely distinct from those of the other, so that every time a customer orders a number of pizzas, the total number of toppings T added may be obtained as 3P where P stands for the number of pizzas bought. The storeowner allows a customer to have two separate toppings of choice for the first pizza in addition to the three originally present. Moreover, functions create a great deal of advantage in business problems which involve making investments where two variables are assigned to refer to separate amounts or two kinds of investment at different rates of interest. Function may be used as well in relating costs to number of units purchased and fixed cost as in C(x) = 5x + 7 in dollars, where 7 is the fixed value and 5 is the rate at which cost changes per unit depending on ‘x’. This way, it would be conducive for one to keep track of sales and profits generated since there exists a cost function that is associated to revenue (Waner, 2006). Mixture and rate problems can be worked out once details are set up as function or system of functions in linear and non-linear forms. It also becomes significant to understand how temperature conversion works such as between Celsius and Fahrenheit through  °F = 1.8 °C + 32 where temperature in  °C appears to be a function of temperature in

Factors other than technology that influenced military innovation Essay

Factors other than technology that influenced military innovation during the Interwar Period - Essay Example Europe was immensely affected by the devastation of the First World War while North America affected by the great depression in 1929. The worldwide depression contributed to the growth of Nazism in Germany which resulted in World War 2. The military technology of the interwar period provided ample promise for innovation, but did not determine the state of change. In many cases state of the art technology would not support operational concepts developed by military visionaries. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.342) Civilian timidity, insufficient intelligence, and lack of political guidance contributed immensely to the lack of military innovation during the interwar period. Civilian participation is important in political and technological processes. In Britain military professionalism countered civilian curiosity; the committee system diffused arguments and sharpened pessimism rather than encouraged debate on defence options. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.361) The general public during this period was not aware of the importance of military innovation. They had many other things to discuss like the depression, and they never took military innovation as a serious thing. They were already witnessed the drastic results of a world war and they thought the military innovations may result in another world war. The civilians concluded that the military operations are for destructive purposes only and they failed to recognize the need of defence and such attitudes of the civilians retarded the military innovation process. In the United States, civilian-military political collaboration arose in the institutionalized conflict between the Presidency and Congress over domination of military policy. (Williamson Murray, Allan R Millet, p.362) The political leaders also kept different views on the need of military innovation. Because of these conflicts among the parliamentary members, the most of the military innovation processes failed to get the

Dealing with Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dealing with Diabetes - Essay Example In the case of diabetes, your body is unable to keep blood sugar within those levels. Instead, your blood sugar consistently runs higher than normal. In Type 2 diabetes, your bodys insulin is unable to lower blood sugar because the fat cells in your body are immune to the effects of the insulin. Theres plenty of insulin in the body but your body isnt responding to it by absorbing the glucose out of your bloodstream. Type 2 diabetics often dont require insulin injections; instead, it may be controllable with diet, weight loss, and exercise. The symptoms of Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled by reaching your â€Å"ideal body weight† and by following a low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet. Cortisol is a stress hormone that is produced by your body. It lowers your bodys ability to metabolize sugars, while increasing the metabolism of fats. This means that your blood sugar will rise faster, reach higher levels, and stay at those higher levels longer. With higher levels of cortisol, insulin will no longer have an effect on blood sugar levels. If you have a condition that causes chronic stress, then, managing your diabetes becomes much more difficult. You should have regular medical checkups to ensure that you do not have other conditions besides the

Prince of Wales Essay Example for Free

Prince of Wales Essay With close reference to Shakespeares language discuss how the characters of the Prince of Wales and Hotspur are portrayed in Henry IV Part 1. In Henry IV, Part 1; Shakespeare contrasts the two characters, Prince Henry and Hotspur. The characters are complete opposites but have a common goal. They both want to be respected. Hotspur signals his intentions from the start but it is only as you get further on in the play that you realise that Hal has the same ambitions. This play chronicles the rise and fall of Hotspur and Hals rise from being the innocuous prince to a heroic heir in one play. In Act One, Scene One, the king says: Yea, there thou makst me sin in envy, that my Northumberland should be a father to so blest a son. Since this is said in the very first scene of the play we are immediately given the impression that the kings son is not as respectable or as honourable as Hotspur. We can also see how highly regarded Hotspur is as the king gives him such warm glowing compliments with a touch of jealousy in his voice. He is not contented with his own son as he goes on to say: See riot and dishonour stain the brow of my young Harry. This indicates to the audience that Prince Hal might not be living the life that a prince would be expected to live. We get the feeling that Harry is seen as the black sheep of the family and not the successor to the throne that the king desired. Shakespeare give us this impression by not including Prince Hal in the very important meeting that took place in Act one, scene one. The king even goes as far as suggesting that some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children where they lie. This statement backs up the idea that the king is jealous of Hotspur. Shakespeare allows the kings feelings towards Hotspur and Hal to be known to the audience before we even meet the two men later in the play. The kings feelings register unconsciously in the audiences mind and we may then prejudice our opinions of Hal and Hotspur before meeting them. In Scene One, Hotspur is described as being basically the opposite of Prince Hal. We may see this when Westmoreland calls him gallant Hotspur. This statement is proof that people show Hotspur the greatest respect and indicates to us that he is brave and noble. We should note how Shakespeare uses the language to build up Hotspurs character. This lets the audience form an impression of him before they meet him. In Act One, Scene 2, the audiences opinion of Prince Hal becomes increasingly worse as we find out that he keeps company with a man by the name of Sir John Falstaff. Falstaff is fat, lazy, a drunkard and a thief. Is this the type of man that a prince would normally be friends with? The prince, laughing and joking, takes up the first part of the scene. When Fallstaff asks Hal for the time, Hal says: I see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the time of day. We are given the impression that Hal spends a lot of his time messing and having a name calling contest with Falstaff by the relaxed manner by which they give each other abuse. In the midst of the name-calling, we find out that some members of the Council are very angry with Hal because of his behaviour, as Fallstaff says: an old Lord of the Council rated me the other day in the street about you Sir, but I marked him not. This could suggest that Fallstaff has respect for Hal or does not want to lose such an important benefactor.

The Role Of Migratory Birds

The Role Of Migratory Birds The role of migratory birds in transmitting poultry diseases is becoming a contentious issue in the whole world. The issue has even made researchers and naturalists to differ in opinion regarding their capability to disperse pathogens across continents. Recent studies that were conducted during the bird flu outbreaks found out that a migratory bird is capable of disseminating the deadly H5N1 avian influenza without themselves getting infected. Research has shown that these birds are responsible for transmission of many diseases, especially viral, in types of animals. This study therefore has the mandate to critically analyze how migratory birds aid in transmission of diseases. The study will also focus on the various types of diseases that are transmitted by these birds. Introduction Birds have been known since time immemorial to be migrating from one region to another. The birds can be local migrants, short distance migrants, long distance migrants and nomadic and vagrant migrants. They do travel across national and international borders. The migration is always due to the instinct for survival. This instinct leads birds to look for seasonal opportunities for food supply and breeding habitats. The findings from the studies conducted on the concept of bird migration reveal that millions of birds migrate annually from unfavorable to favorable conditions (Hubalek, 1994, 2004). Unfavorable conditions are usually in winter while the favorable are in summer. Birds therefore migrate from places where there is winter to places with seasons of winter. This explains why the migration is rampant. The environmental conditions during summer accelerate food accumulation and breeding because of the better climatic conditions. Through biological systems, birds store up energy and fats during this season. The energy and fats stored aid in migration when there are changing survival conditions in the habitat. During this period, winter falls. An interesting observation is that not all birds migrate with the changing conditions. The pattern of migration differs with species and requirements (Berthold Peter, 2001). Some birds do migrate over short distance just to look for food and come back. Others migrate over long distance and may come back or not. The migration of these birds is a natural phenomenon. They have to do that in order to maintain ecological balance and most importantly, to survive. However, the natural phenomenon is always followed by harsh repercussions that are unavoidable. It is saddening to know that these birds are either carriers or hosts for pathogens. As they migrate, these birds transfer micro-organisms across localities, nations and even continents. They therefore play a significant role in the ecology and pathogenic organism circulation. These birds are implicated as hosts and mechanical carriers of infected ecto-parasites. They are also implicated in the transmission of zoonoses. It is not possible to put a stop to this sequence but we can minimize the risks involved. This can be done by controlling and preventing perilous situations. Pathogens transmitted by migratory birds Avian Pneumovirus (APV). This virus belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus. It causes a respiratory disease which is known as turkey rhinotrachetis (TRT). This disease is commonly known as swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens (Gough, 2003Lwamba et al., 2002). This disease kills domestic birds, especially turkey at a very high rate. It has been found out that it only takes a few moments after the attack before the bird dies. When the bird gets a secondary bacterial infection and immunosuppressive viral disease, the severity of APV is accelerated (Lwamba 2002, Jones 2006).The significance of migratory birds in the epidemiology and persistence of APV in domestic flock has been ascertained through isolation process (Shin et al., 2000). When isolation of APV from choanal swab or nasal turbinate of wild birds like geese, sparrows, swallows mallards and starling is done, there is a high persistence of APV occurrence. Bennett (2204) observed a seasonal trend of disease occurrence during APV outbreaks in Minnesota. He suggested the suspected involvement/role of wild migratory birds in APV transmission. When a nucleotide sequencing was done, it was deduced that there was a common source for the APV isolates extracted from wild ducks, domestic turkeys and geese. It was also deduced that the viruses from the different species can cross-infect. This indicated a close relationship (Shin et al., 2002). Duck plague virus (DPV) This is a highly contagious disease of Anseriformes. The duck plague/ viral enteritis causes high mortality and a decline in egg production in chickens and domestic waterfowl (Shawky and Sandhu, 2003). It has also been found to cause viable mortality in wild waterfowl. The disease (DPV) strains have been found to exist from cloacal swabs of pintail ducks, wood ducks and gadwall ducks. It was also found out that wild ducks and geese that survived during the natural outbreaks remained carriers even after four years of post infection. Migratory birds who are carriers have been identified by using virological and serological methods.The role of these birds in the epidemiology and incidence in domestic and wild of duck plague have been estimated (Ziedler and Hlinak). There was clear evidence that the most certain source of infection was DPV- carrier and American black duck. These birds entered through the major flyways (Kidd and Converse, 2001). This conclusion was reached after the major epizootic of duck plague in wild waterfowl in the US way back in 1973. It has also been found out that the convalescent migrants are the silent carriers for DPV control in poultry. Measures to minimize the spread of the disease should include bio-security, decontamination of the environment and eradication of affected flocks (Pearson and Cassidy, 1997; Converse and Kidd, 2001). Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) The EDSV is a vertically transmitted disease in poultry. It causes low egg production with high fragility of eggs. It also leads to substantial decrease in fertility and hatchability of the eggs. This virus (EDS-76) is classified under group III of the Adenoviridae. The disease is usually common in layer chickens. Ducks and geese are thought to be the natural hosts for the virus (McFerran and Adair, 2003). Migratory ducks, egrets, gulls, grebes and wild geese have been found to have been found to have antibodies against this virus (Malkinson and Weisman, 2003; Kaleta et al., 1985). Migratory anseriforms is thought to be disseminating EDSV. The sporadic infections in poultry can be connected to the spread of the disease from wild ducks and geese to domestic flock. The spread can be through sharing of drinking water which has been contaminated with droppings of infected birds. These droppings pollute the water thus making it a source for breeding of the virus (Hubalek, 2004; McFerran a nd Adair, 2003). Psteurella multocida P. multocida is a bacterium that has bipolar staining feature. It is the entiological agent of avian or fowl cholera. The disease is highly significant and economically important and causes mortality which is significant in both domestic and wild birds (Wobeser, 1997; Hubalek, 1994; Dash et al., 2004). Avian cholera spreads rapidly through waterfowls. It is known as a disease with carrier status. The disease is very prevalent among the ducks and turkeys followed by chicken are more susceptible. The disease generally spreads faster among the young ones (Glison et al., 2003). About 70,000 migratory ducks and geese were reported to have succumbed to the infection during the US outbreaks in 1979 (Brand, 1984). The dense bird aggregation due to the nature of waterfowls being gregarious, prompts the outbreaks of AC. The bacteriumà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to survive in water for a long period of up to several weeks is high. These aspects enhance the chances of rapidity and the extent of disease spread (Botzler, 1991; Glisson et al., 2003).Those birds that survive during the outbreaks and thus recover have been reported to be long-term carriers of the infectious agents. These birds later help in dissemination of the agent to various distant wetland locations. Free ranging wild birds have also been infected with the bacterium though the greatest magnitude of losses is experienced by the death of waterfowls (Hunter and Wobeser, 1997; Glisson et al., 2003). Chlamydophila psittaci The disease (chlamydiosis) is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called C. psittaci. It is a contagious disease of pet birds and poultry having zoonotic implications. It is also considered as a List B disease in parrots, parakeets and humans (A ndersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Chlamydiosis affects all types of poultry and is usually systematic though occasionally fatal. The disease is often transmitted by inhalation or even ingestion of infectious fecal dust. Birds like wild ducks, egrets, sparrows, grackles, gulls other bird species have a significant reservoir of the bacteria that can spread the disease. This can be through direct contact or infectious aerosols to a variety of vertebrates including human beings and poultry (Grimes et al., 1979; Page, 1976; Kaleta and Taday, 2003; Brand, 1989; Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Research has shown that some chlamydial strains which are not pathogenic to migratory avian hosts are highly virulent for humans and domestic fowls. Suggestions have been made that grackles and thus migratory birds are potential reservoir hosts which can play an important role in the transmission of cycle of the bacterium C. psittaci in nature (Roberts and Grimes, 1978). The mechanisms by which the bacteria is introduced in domestic flock is clearly not understood. This is mysterious because wild birds are also infected by the same strains as domestic flock (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). This calls for an enhancement in the surveillance and screening in order to find the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of infection in domestic birds (Schwarzova et al., 2006). Other pathogens caused by migratory birds Wild or migratory birds also aid in the transmission of other types of pathogens in animals as well as human beings. There are various animal diseases that are a resultant of the interaction between them and the migratory birds. In the ecological system, living things always interact in order to create a balance. During this time, birds that are infected or carriers of bacteria get to interact with other living things. In the process, they make the environment contaminated and thus high risk of these animals contracting diseases. For example, birds and other animals may share drinking water. If these birds are infected, they pass on the virus into the water thus making it contaminated. As the animal drink the water, they ingest bacteria and thus contract diseases. Human beings may use these animals as food. Being that the flesh is contaminated, they automatically get the bacteria or virus into their systems. Through this channel, both the animals and human beings contract diseases. T he main source of the infection is the bird. There are a number of infections that are transmitted by birds to other animals. Among them include West Nile Fever (WNF). This is a Flavivirus belonging to family flaviviridae. It is a mosquito-borne virus which can result in fatal encephalitis in human beings. The effect can also be on equines and avian species (Hubalek and Halouzka, 1999; Komar, 2000; Rappole and Hubalek, 2000). This disease is maintained in a cycle of epizoonic transmission between mosquitoes and birds. Human and horses are the incidental hosts in this case. The migratory birds are central to the epidemiology of WNV infections. This is because they are considered as the main amplifying hosts in the transmission process (Reed et al., 2003). Migratory birds also play a crucial role in the dissemination of zoonotic and enteropathogenic bacteria that cause other infections in animals. For example, wild birds aid in the spread of Campylobacter and Salmonella. The incidence of infections in human beings by Campylobacter jejuni is on a continuous rise. The disease proves to be fatal at some acute stages and thus has led to the deaths of many. From research, it has been proved that the main transmitters of the bacteria are wild birds. The disease is usually rampant in places characterized with high humidity and high temperatures. Research is still on to establish whether there are other transmitters apart from wild birds (Sacks et al,. 1986; Tomar et al., 2006). The contamination of the surface water with the bacteria is largely attributed to aquatic and wild birds. Likewise, in the case of Salmonella infections, remnants of S. enteric (Typhimurium and Enteritidis) have been isolated from many species of birds. These birds include gulls, ducks, terns, finches and sparrows. Research has confirmed that migratory birds are involved in the dissemination of these bacteria.

Confronting Death in Poetry Essay -- essays papers

Confronting Death in Poetry Raised fists and a fading smile usually follow the confrontation of death as we experience the first stages of denial in the grieving process. We not only grieve at the loss of a loved one, but at the loss of our own life as well. When death rears its ugly head, it demands this response. Whether through art or science, humor or ritual, mankind marks and confronts this passage with both defiance and trepidation that eventually turns into acceptance and submission. The fear of death seems to be based on two things: the finality of death and the uncertainty of what follows. Many works have been written on the topic, some to offer consolation, others hope, and still others to urge readers to correct their behavior during life itself. The conflicting views put forward by different societies may never be reconciled, since nobody comes back to tell of an afterlife. Robert Frost successfully delineates this process in his poem, "Out, Out -" as he describes how the boy in the poem experiences the first stage of impending death - that of denial. Frost paints a picture of school age children doing the household chores of adults. Death with children is especially disturbing because in our unconscious mind we are all immortal, so it is almost inconceivable to be openly confronted with the reality of death. For children, this thought is especially implausible because of their youth. It is much easier to turn our attention to less frightening possibilities. The boy states this to his sister after crying out in a rueful laugh, "Don't let him cut my hand off / The doctor. When he comes. Don't let him sister!" (Frost 25, 26) Step two and three of the grieving processes when confronting impending de... ...od's eternal reward. All three authors deal with and do a good job of portraying the stages of grief that impending death brings, no matter what form it comes in. There are allusions in all three poems of earlier years when life and death were narrower spans in time than they are today as our life expectancies rise. A true sign of the times each author lived in. Bibliography: Work Cited Dickinson, Emily. "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1138. Robinson, Edwin Arlington. "Richard Cory." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1730. Frost, Robert. "Out, Out -." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1774. Confronting Death in Poetry Essay -- essays papers Confronting Death in Poetry Raised fists and a fading smile usually follow the confrontation of death as we experience the first stages of denial in the grieving process. We not only grieve at the loss of a loved one, but at the loss of our own life as well. When death rears its ugly head, it demands this response. Whether through art or science, humor or ritual, mankind marks and confronts this passage with both defiance and trepidation that eventually turns into acceptance and submission. The fear of death seems to be based on two things: the finality of death and the uncertainty of what follows. Many works have been written on the topic, some to offer consolation, others hope, and still others to urge readers to correct their behavior during life itself. The conflicting views put forward by different societies may never be reconciled, since nobody comes back to tell of an afterlife. Robert Frost successfully delineates this process in his poem, "Out, Out -" as he describes how the boy in the poem experiences the first stage of impending death - that of denial. Frost paints a picture of school age children doing the household chores of adults. Death with children is especially disturbing because in our unconscious mind we are all immortal, so it is almost inconceivable to be openly confronted with the reality of death. For children, this thought is especially implausible because of their youth. It is much easier to turn our attention to less frightening possibilities. The boy states this to his sister after crying out in a rueful laugh, "Don't let him cut my hand off / The doctor. When he comes. Don't let him sister!" (Frost 25, 26) Step two and three of the grieving processes when confronting impending de... ...od's eternal reward. All three authors deal with and do a good job of portraying the stages of grief that impending death brings, no matter what form it comes in. There are allusions in all three poems of earlier years when life and death were narrower spans in time than they are today as our life expectancies rise. A true sign of the times each author lived in. Bibliography: Work Cited Dickinson, Emily. "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1138. Robinson, Edwin Arlington. "Richard Cory." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1730. Frost, Robert. "Out, Out -." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Francis Murphy. New York: Norton and Company, 1995. 1774.

Day In Your Life When You Felt Really Happy Essay

â€Å"Death is not the greatest loss in life. The greatest loss is what dies inside us while we live.† ~Norman Cousins â€Å"What is happiness?† What a completely dense and loaded question this is. If I were to write a paper about happiness, I would then need to operationally define happiness in terms that allowed everyone to understand what I was referring to. The problem with this, however, is that we then merely repeat the best definition we come by, thinking we understand the meaning while never truly questioning our own thoughts on the matter; therefore never truly experiencing it. I believe this happens in the majority of circumstances, and know that I did this for many years. It is much simpler to just go along with life rather than ask yourself those true and deep questions that will rattle your world. I believe happiness is the complete mindful attention and bliss found in the present moment; the present moment is beautiful and fundamentally perfect. Therefore, one must choose to be happy right now in the present, because this is all that exists. Many years ago, I read a quote by the Dalai Lama, which I think is very applicable to this. He reported that when something is wrong, you can either fix it, and therefore it will work out and there is no need to worry, or there is nothing you can do, and therefore worrying about it is moot. When one truly and with every fiber of their being accepts death and the mystery of the future, there is nothing left but to appreciate the present moment. I believe this is where happiness stems from because it really puts things into perspective. I have been experimenting with this, and as a person who frequently worries, thinks too much, and feels often overwhelmed by life, I have found immense peace and tranquility from this acceptance. For me, it completely shifted my perspective on everything. I have been able to stay calm and resilient in situations that would normally bring on a panic attack or devastate me. This, of course, doesn’t mean that my life is now all roses and butterflies, but that this new perspective aids me in gauging situations and reacting to them as I think I should rationally, not instinctively. Ultimately, there is no way to know how your life will play out in ten minutes, and hour, or a week. Happiness is the value of every moment and the full attention paid to it.

Reggae Music and Its Influences Essay

One of the world’s iconic figures, Reggae musician Bob Marley(1945-1981) stated that, â€Å"People want to listen to a message, word from Jah(God). This could be passed through me or anybody, I am not a leader, messenger. The word of the songs, not the person, is what attracts people.† Reggae music is gifted to people in Jamaica as their own unique identity. Jamaican musicians are well-known for expressing their Rastafarian beliefs through the music, Reggae. Rastafarian reflects ideologies, attitudes, actions of the people for the better society (Spiker,1998). At this point, they became social commentators, prophets, and messengers who heal the wounds of people affected by social and political injustices (Aimers, 2004).This essay illustrates that reggae music has been successful spreading Rastafarian beliefs in politics, social injustices and cultures. Firstly, Jamaican musicians play essential roles to give the political messages to people based on their Rastafarian beliefs. The political messages shared through the Reggae music are those of peace, love, and brotherhood of mankind for forming a unity to fight for the liberty of people in Jamaica. Musicians gave the message by setting several goals based on general popular interest of the population against any oppression and encouraged people to speak-up. For instance, Bob Marley(1945-1981); the predominant singer strived to bring the awareness for not only in the hearts of Jamaicans, but also in those of Africans and the rest of the world (Abram & Ingrid, 2009). One of his popular songs, â€Å"Get up, and Stand up for your rights† not only defended his religious beliefs but also pointed at political oppression and natural rights of people (Lockard, n.d). Following lyrics is from the song by Bob Marley (1973): We sick an’ tired of-a-your ism-skism-game Dying ‘n’ goin’ to heaven in-a Jesus’ name, Lord. We know when we understand: Almighty god is a living man. You can fool some people sometimes, But you can fool all the people all the time. So now we see the light (What you gonna do?) We gonna stand up for our rights! (Bob Marley Lyrics) Thus, one can conclude that reggae and its musicians are influential as a medium for spreading political messages to enlighten the darkness of people’s mind and brain.   Secondly, People all around the world heard the voice of Rastafarian beliefs against social injustices through the reggae music and by its talented musicians. Their songs’ lyrics were mightier than swords to reveal such issues as racism, colonialism, slavery, and exploitation on colored people in Africa. Rastafarians are attached to the ideas of equality, tolerance, justice, and non-violence. In addition, it is a theology of submissiveness and every Rasta has a right to freedom of expression (Abram & Ingrid, 2009). Particularly, slavery had affected most of Africans’ lives badly for being taken away from one own society and family which could have damaged them physically and psychologically by segregations and hard labors (Novick, n.d). For example, Reggae musician, Peter Tosh(1944-1987)’s famous song â€Å"Mama Africa†(1983)indicated the life of an African slave missing home: Mama Africa How are you doing Mama, Mama Africa Long time me no see you Mama They took me away from you Mama Long before I was born They took me away from you Mama Long before I came on in(Peter Tosh Lyrics) Hence, the reggae music and its musicians had not only led people in Jamaica for Rastafarian beliefs and for fighting against the social injustices but also Africans as a whole for the better survival. Lastly, the Rastafari influence also had contributed to the cultural significance of reggae music and culture of people; it was a symbol for both identity and pride among the Jamaicans. It has also created an understanding of lifestyle and culture in Jamaica for the rest of the world (Aimers, 2004). The reggae music and Rastafarian complemented one another to occupy people’s state of mind to think of it as a part of the Jamaican lifestyle, needless to mention that it has become a tradition and culture for them. In spite of all the difficulties and hardships which came upon people in Jamaica, they had been recognized internationally for their predominant reggae music all over the world. The culture of reggae along with Rastafarian symbols was being introduced to many countries. Reggae musicians’ hair-styles, clothing and accessories which mirror the Rastafari are being imitated by some devoted fans. For example, Thailand’s Khao-San road is full of Rastafarian symbols and its trendy musician, Bob Marley printed-items from head to toe. Therefore, Reggae music and its Rastafarian symbols have enormously impacted on cultures of many different countries, originated from Jamaica. In conclusion, there are many studies which has discussed about the importance of reggae music spreading Rastafarian beliefs and symbols throughout the world. Reggae music has been positively influential to the society by means of political, social, and cultural impacts. In addition, it has not only brought the liberty to people in Jamaica but also mother Africa. Therefore, it is remarkable peak in history that peaceful and non-violent music won over the aggressive wars, fights, and any kind of violence. In fact, peaceful as well as meaningful song lyrics are mightier than sharp and shining swords. References; Aimers, J. (2004). â€Å"The Cultural Significance of Reggae.† ATH175 People of the world. Retrieved from; http://www.units.muohio.edu/ath175/student/petersle/culture.html Abram, V. & Ingrid, H. (October, 2009). â€Å"The Rastafarian Movement.† The Observatory for Religious Phenomena (World Religion Watch). Retrieved from http://www.worldreligionwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=281&Itemid=65 Lockard, Craig A. (June, 2010). â€Å"Bob Marley, Victor Jara, Fela Kuti, and Political Popular Music.†University of Illinois. Retrieved from; http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/7.2/lockard.html Novixk, S. (n.d). â€Å"The Effects of Slavery on Reggae Music.† The Dread Library. Retrieved from; http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/novick.html Spiker, C. (April 1998). â€Å"Reggae As Social Change:The Spread of Rastafarianism.† The Dread Library. Retrieved from; http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/spiker.html

Officer Recruitment and Selection Process Essay

Firstly we need to introduce our self to the topic as the selection process of various levels of police such as local, state or federal officer and also included will be the various training programs through which the officers of each level goes before they are employed as officer is what will be getting discussed. So as most individuals are aware of the fact that police officers play most important role in maintaining disciplines and also they are the one who are most reliable for fighting with various types of crimes and criminals. It is very clear that the job of a police officer is a very hard one because they do face very tough problems while doing their job, so this is the reason why police officers do need to go through a very tough training and also various selection processes so that they do not face any difficulty while handling various criminals and therefore can perform their job very well. As there are certain levels of police officers like local, state and federal polic e officers and also of them go through various training programs before they are appointed as police officers. So let’s discuss the selection process of a local, state, federal police officer, there are some requirements which are checked in the selection process. These are: Health- It is very important to know the physical and mental condition of an officer before selecting because it is very important to make sure that police officer is of sound mind and is also physically very strong to handle any bad situations. Then we have Integrity / Conduct – It means that person who will be selected must have a very god record of his behavior and good conduct. Next is Residence – which is the next thing that is judged before selecting a police officer is to make sure that person is residence of the United States which can further help the selection officers to collect other relevant data regarding background of the person and also about the family of the person. 4) Driving License – The person who is  applying for the job of a Police Officer must have some identity cards like Driving license other than being an Identity card it also serves the purpose if the officer is needed to drive a car during his duty, so to drive a car or any vehicle u need a driving license weather u are a police officer or not it does not matter. 4) Qualification – The fourth requirement is the possession of certain qualified degrees like a person needs to be high school degree holder which makes sure that person has a good knowledge and can handle various situations very well. 5) Certificates – The person also needs to have some certificates such as domicile certificate, character certificate etc. After the first stage of selection process is finished which is known as initial selection process and if a candidate passes above requirements then he is required to go through, in second stage of selection process the first test is psychometric test, in this test various qualities like trust-worthiness, self-esteem, sympathy, sensitivity, integrity, self – control, flexibility, objectivity etc. apart from that some other skills like writing skills, listening skills, reading skills are examined and after examining these pre decided qualities which they look in every police officer the person is required to go through physical and medical fitness test and if a candidate goes through this physical and medical process then he or she is needed to go through a panel interview . In a panel interview person is needed to appear in front of some officers with some documents and in the interview session officers try to examine various aspects of the person like skills, confidence, and apart from that the most important thing which is the will of the person to work as a police officer or not. After the completion of the interview the next step is to make a merit list and then finally the list of the short listed students till the interview round is given out. We can say at this point the selection process is nearly complete because after this process of training begins. The training period is the most crucial period for any police officer because it is the time when a police officer really develops all the skills which are required for any person to become a police officer and only when one completes training he can be called as a police officer and not before that. In the training period which can be of 1 – 2 years the person is required to live in the ac ademy where he goes through training and also various facilities are provided in the training center. In the training process person is trained  to survive in toughest conditions which he can ever face during his duty, and to make him tough he is given training in various things such as swimming, horse riding, shooting and also various other things which he needs to have. So in the end we can say that these are the basic steps for selection process of a police officer whether he or she is a police officer at local level, state level or at federal level. Each officer at each level must go through this process and only after that he or she become a police officer, so after the completion of these steps a final merit list is made and is declared among the candidates and according to the merit list or we can say according to the numbers scored by all the candidates in the various stages of the selection process the officers are given their ranks, as the person who tops the list will get a very good rank as compared to other officers and the persons that follow him in the merit list will get posting at low positions, so we can finally say that selection process and also the training process for the recruitment of officers at the local level, state level, federal level is a very transparent process. References http://www.police.qld.gov.au/join/recruitment/default.htm Retrieved on 16 January, 2015. http://www.policeone.com/police-products/training/services/ Retrieved on 16 January, 2015.